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120324 HPC Meeting Packet
Agenda Historic Preservation Committee Regular Meeting 3:00 PM, Tuesday, Dec. 3, 2024 City Council Chambers, 540 Water Street • Join in person; via computer or tablet at Join the Webinar I GoTo Webinar enter the 9 digit Webinar ID 430-090-891# • Local Dial In — (360) 390-5064 access code: 491-363-921# • Submit public comment to be included in the meeting record to: https://Publiccomment.fillout.com/citvofpt 1. Roll Call: Craig Britton (Chair), Walter Galitzki (Vice Chair), Kathleen Knoblock, Monica Mader and Michael D'Alessandro. Monica MickHager (Council Liaison) 2. Approval of Minutes: A. July. 2, 2024 Draft Regular Meeting Minutes (deferred to next meeting) B. Aug. 6, 2024 Draft Regular Meeting Minutes (deferred to next meeting) C. Aug. 27, 2024 Draft Special Meeting Minutes (deferred to next meeting) D. Sept. 3, 2024 Draft Regular Meeting Minutes (deferred to next meeting) 3. Correspondence/Attachments: None 4. Public Comment (for Items not on the Agenda 3-minute time limit): 5. New Business: A. HP24-031, 740 Taylor St. — Request for Special Property Tax Valuation Owner: Dale Dell'Ario Applicable Guidelines: Exhibits: A.1 - Application and submitted Materials Applicant and Staff Presentation Public Comment (3-minute limit per person) HPC Questions and, if appropriate, Deliberation and Recommendation B. HP24-032, 740 Taylor St. — Request for Special Property Tax Valuation Owner: Redwood Housing Applicable Guidelines: Exhibits: A.1 - Application and submitted Materials Applicant and Staff Presentation Public Comment (3-minute limit per person) HPC Questions and, if appropriate, Deliberation and Recommendation C. HPC24-033, Owner: Andy Rosane Applicable Guidelines: Exhibits: B.1 - Application and submitted Materials Applicant and Staff Presentation Public Comment (3-minute limit per person) HPC Questions and, if appropriate, Deliberation and Recommendation 6. New Business: None 7. Other Business: A. Advisory Board/Committee/Commission end of the year celebration. A quorum may be present, but no action will be taken. 8. Upcoming Meeting(s): A. Next Regular Meeting is January 3, 2025 9. Adjournment: (-iky 250 Madison Street, Suite 3 � Port Townsend, WA 9 368 1 360.379,5095 I www.cityofpt.us Townsend r m <,�� -ri, ,,,, r,,,,,,;, ,L„,, r„ ,,,,,;, ,vi i,,,,,,, ,,, ' l„rairiiiic„, ,„oL,,,.,,,,,,,, �„rmiaiaiiJa aiJ /i,,,,,, ,,,,., ,ior ///,iii� ri/.v✓�l/r//���i/J�i, /r�, ��,1 //e, ,,, .,. ri �r/� PLANNING & COMMUNITY DEVFLOPMENT HISTORIC DESIGN REVIEW Of Proposal(s) Within the National Historic Landmark District All applicants and property owners must sign the application below to signify agreement with the proposed application. The Applicant(s) hereby certifies that all of the above statements and information contained in any exhibits, plot plans, or other transmittals made herewith are true and provide an accurate presentation of the proposed project. The applicant(s) acknowledges that any action taken by the City of Port Townsend based in whole or in part on this application may be reversed if it develops that any such statement or other information contained herein is false. The undersigned hereby saves and holds the City of Port Townsend harmless from any and all causes of action, judgments, claims, or demands, or from any liability of any nature arising from any noncompliance with any restrictive covenants, plat restrictions, deed restrictions, or other restrictions which may have been established by parties other than the City of Port Townsend w ro _w.. ......w_....._..._.m� w.w....._............_..._ ..... ..............w................. ..� __�aa ... � 11 / lµ4/2024................__.w...........w......ww..._.......�_ Applicant Date Property Owner (if different from applicant) Date RECEIVLr-'D 1.24 CITY OF P0'�77 TO'NNSEtI g 4i, Page 1 of 2 AltWyPnIse"""d � / 1 Y P Tow r/ / PLANNING & COMMUNITY DEV5LOPMENT Ilistoric Preservation Committee (HPQ Design Review Basic Submittal Requirements 1. Tree 3 copies of the followl � • Completed and signed Design Review application form. • Site plan showing proposed project location. Design plan on paper no larger than l 1x17: ➢ dimensioned floor plans showing addition or proposed change ➢ colors, with actual color chips ➢ exterior elevation(s) showing addition or proposed change • $109.00 (cash or check made out to the City of Port Townsend) (Please provide PDF copies to John McDonagh if available, 2. At the meeting: • You or someone acting in your place must attend or your application will be continued to the next meeting. You will be asked to give a brief, informal presentation. • 'You will know at the meeting if your project is approved or not. • If approved, you will receive written confirmation in a few days following the meeting. • If not approved, the Committee will let you know what further information would be needed to obtain approval for the project. • Please do not begin your project until other City permits that may be applicable to your project, such as building permits and sign permits, are issued. Meetings are held monthly on Tuesdays, as needed (unless it falls on a holiday). They begin at 3:00 p.m. in the 3rd floor conference room of City Hall, 250 Madison Street, Port Townsend. Applications shall be submitted at least 10 business days prior to the next meeting to be considered. This will allow staff the time to distribute the materials to the tPC committee members for review prior to the meeting. * If your project is a major remodel or restoration, significant addition, new building, partial or full demolition, or is for Special Tax Valuation, additional submittal information and/or fees may be required. Please speak with a PCD planner with questions before submittal. 1.24 Page 2 of 25 4 m p W w gryxyp �gyhgp RP G �V j yI 0 Z Gk, ? c p� �,f� dL"I i O sd �s�• y �I{�u� 0 3 , p <i,r �... a .. ui ui Z t� 41u p&• w vs k4 1 m m a 7 4fi+ O D N a c o L 3 p O-ID N li Q C a)"D .4 m D O N > 7i E D r -� `' >` O. 0 -6 p N U D O a p W p G_ D c O c c M D O Y N U U O Q O D 6 "D N CD N � h —CN O `a .,) m D7i3. Q — N C a ° - I.0 3 n c > o D a a y >> i3 a > -D Z - m o a cv ri 4 U -0 L6 Y d ar a .}22J. s u10ouil O rr _ ll ........ .. ..... .. .. w� 910,ws a6auinJppp uj IIII Vej 0 �W W L � O �n a r a cw a �W�Qb�I M-O-d auq Apadoid d U = U w p ° d C3 (>D Ups° Z � v C3 r (" 1— vJ � CL � CD" ; h Z Q'.. o o N,V) "• ,.b9 [... . w` mgµ :.wq IRI • " a tlp ar MN N ... F CO, P' w� I 0 :o N N N N M m d pJ Permits Building BLD20-060 Plumbing PLM21-011 Mechanical MEC22-040 Electrical #3752290P Timetable Permit issued date 7/21/20 • New foundation complete and • 24 month special valuation period begins 1/20/22 • Final grading 6/2/22 • Perimeter anchorage hardware inspected 6/24/22 • Electrical rough -in 8/15/22 • Plumbing rough -in 4/4/23 • Drywall complete 5/23/23 • Electrical final 7/3/23 • Plumbing final 10/4/23 • Final inspection, certificate of occupancy 1/2/2024 • Additional trim work and application for special valuation 1/18/24 Project Description Dell'Ario 11/14/2024 House originally was post and pier with 330 square feet of finished basement with unreinforced concrete walls, no footing and significant settling. House sat low to the ground and piers were on topsoil which would become very wet during the winter months. Yard sloped significantly downward toward the south and west sides of the home. Anobiid beetles and carpenter ants were found in perimeter beams and some floor joists. There was a 9' wide finished basement across the back of the house with windows, and a hallway and stairs leading to the main floor of the house above. We had the house lifted approximately two feet which allowed us to dig out below to construct a new foundation and regrade the property around the house to divert water away from the new foundation. With regrading, the appearance of the house relative to grade is similar after the work. See images below. Please note that the foundation portion of the project was completed before the 24-month qualifying window. We insulated the perimeter of the basement walls and ceiling, and finished all interior walls. In the area of what was the finished small cellar, we created a bath, and a guest bedroom. 9' of the 11' width of the two rooms and the hallway and stairs leading to them were previously finished space as noted above. See also before and after floor plans. We replaced the stairs leading to the house above. We also installed linoleum flooring in the bedroom, and file in the bath. While floor materials identify the bath and bedroom as improvements part of the rehabilitation, bath and bedroom wall colors are similar to original interior paint found in the house above. Tall baseboards throughout echo but clearly do not duplicate trim from above. Stair treads were salvaged and reused from the original staircase. We replaced the electrical service and wiring to the ground floor of the house and to the garage. We installed a heat recovery ventilator, and ducting to improve air quality, comfort, and importantly, help control humidity within the building. We also replaced existing plumbing in the house, and installed a grinder pump for the bath in the basement. We replaced baseboard heaters with hydronic fan coils, and radiant heating in the slab of the basement. We purchased the grinder pump and all of the hydronic equipment before the 24-month qualifying expense window. We obtained permits for the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical work separately from the building permit. Qualified Expense Factor The total interior square footage of the basement is now 1046 square feet. The previously finished area was 330 square feet. I consider the previous area as equivalent to the final QRE work area regardless of ceiling height. The higher ceiling is a direct consequence of raising the house which was a key preservation component of the work i.e. diverting water flow around the building. (This has proven effective as no water is seen exiting the footing drains and the basement is very dry.) Also, we insulated the walls of the mud room on the first floor while building the new stairs to the basement, and moved a wall near the existing water heater location to make roam for a pantry to be built as part of the next phase of remodeling. The rehabilitated area of the mudroom and hallway to the kitchen is 155 square feet. I developed a ratio of "qualifying area" to apply to the costs for finishing work, for example drywall and paint. This ratio is 0.40 or (330+155) J1046+155). Actual Expenses, total of QREs $115,325.47 recalculated to include rehabilitation of mudroom, not included in material filed with assessor earlier this year. House exterior before renovation Basement and stairs before renovation House after renovation New bath image A New Bath image B p o 2 New Bedroom image A New Bedroom image B • Work area image A stairs and 3' along wall at right included. Floor is dyed concrete. Work area image 8, not included in QRE calculations. (red column at left is chimney support). � � r Mudroom and rear entry image A Mud room and hallway image 8 on a (9 b 140 �- p 12- a� 2S I:Zz 1+9 �El i C13 oll -6 a) C) 0 c 0 -- cy uI 0- CA 'o C a) 0 cO b CD 0 g) en (D (D -10- 04 ol . 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Q� (D > a '0 1— uj N O w 7C) 7 .�- O c z O n �� w - Q W LU v N 3 -C O "' O 7C3_ O C 3 0 a U O O N 0 N a U O O Q) 0 o tn 0 x u°aU O U a Q -IV--)Q I N •• 2 o MY 42 V) Be rl > ui < "T LL- 0 04 a!f (Y) LO co IL E 0 ui m V) 04 of c pi E a) o -C 0 C3 LLJ a) a Z -a F— cy) LLJ Q C: 0 z 0 IL _0 >1 bo a) U U-j ui < V) V) c 0 C3 uj ui 0) C: x ui 0 0 C: 0 0--a 0 0 0 a " 0 C3 0 a) Q- a) E z) 0 x a) 0 0 u - 0 o C) x 0 D 0 < M w 0 N >co w W 1 � 0 Cv a o cV U S �— O .C., �E a > o � o .o C3 w a� �, �... w 5 O 7" - X a. w •• W N,.�...�..w.........,..� W J Q J N N N w Deparunera of Application and Certification of Special Valuation R&i�nue (to Wo.shing lontote on Improvements to Historic Property g'sChapter 84.26 RCW File No: Z2t 1. Aimlication County: Jefferson Property Owner: Dale and Paulette Dell'Ario Parcel No./Account No: - 98880024U.4 Mailing Address: 740 Taylor Street, Port Townsend WA 98368 Legal Description: d 7, and West 17.4 feet of Lots 6 and 8, Block 2 Plummer's Addition to the City of Port Townsend, as per plat recorded in Volume I of Plats, page 34, records of Jefferson County, Washington, Flroperty Address (Location): 740 Taylor Street, Port Townsend WA 98368 Describe Rehabilitation: Replace unreinforced concrete partial basement, and post mid pier foundation will) full conditioned space basement with bath and single bedroo-ru. Replace heating, plumbing, and wiring in building. Add heat recovery ventilation. (See also attached.) Property is on: (check appropriate box) r� National Historic Register Z Local Register of Historic Places Building Permit No: BLD20-060 Date: 07/21/2020 Jurisdiction: City of Port Townsend_ ounty/City habilitation Started: 07/21/2020 DateCompleted: 01/18/2024 Actual Cost of Rehabilitation: 112,185.91 Mwrf op&A-d -(;ee ti oie-' be-lo As owner(s) of the improvements described in this application, Uwe hereby indicate by my signature that I/we are aware of the potential liability, (see reverse) involved when my/our improvements cease to be eligible for special valuation under provisions ol'Chaptcr $4.26 R("'W. I/We hereby certify that the foregoing information is true and complete. # ie(( OAE� Signature(s) of All Owner(s): 6 51 27 '® jDa. 4-1 C' C ac 0 Q The undersigned does hereby certify that the ownership, legal description and the assessed value prior to rehabtation -r,fl�iftd below has been verified from the records of this office as being correct. Fp= To ask about the availability of this publication in an alternate, format for the visually impaired, please call 360-705-6715. Teletype (TTY) useM please call 360-705-6718. For tax assistance, call 360-534-1400. REV 64 003 5e (w) (6/26/19) r ZS c> �- 2-S // � .ii� i� �� �� � /�!%� J � � i 1111 ro i II ,�'�MC`,�� � :: �� rc%%n�lJr�,i/,fv'rf!%l�'��( I „�, � i/.,,Q� . i � r7�i i�(✓/ii%ri�� �/ „' „r ��'''.. � ,> ,,,r;,, riu%� '. „ ! ,;,; ., COVERIMAGE Fred (Lem Kong) and Linda (Yak Lin Woo) SooHoo with son Spencer in front of original Sam Woo Grocery Store in Winslow, Arizona, 1947. Photo courtesy of Spencer SooHoo. NAPC STAFF: EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Stephanie Paul Stephanie@napcommissions.org PROGRAM MANAGER Marie Snyder marie@napcommissions.org COMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATE Maddie Clites maddie@napcommissions.org NATIONAL ALLIANCE of PRESERVATION COMMISSIONS tel (757) 802-4141 director@napcommissions.org www.napcommissions.org PO Box 1011 Virginia Beach, VA23451 All current NAPC members who serve as staff to preservation commissions are encouraged to distribute articles in The Alliance Review to commission members and other staff and elected officials within your member organization. NAPC can provide additional digital copies of The Alliance Review to members of your commission. Simply email us at director@napcommissions.org with your commission member's name and email address. 2024 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: The National Alliance of Preservation Commissions INAPQ is governed by a board of directors composed of current and former members and staff of local preservation commissions and Main Street organizations, state historic preservation office staff, and other preservation and planning professionals, with the Chair, Vice Chair, Secretary, Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer and Chairs of the board committees serving as the Board's Executive Committee. OFFICERS — ABBEY CHRISTMAN City of Denver Colorado I Chair CORY EDWARDS City of San Antonio Texas I Vice -Chair COLLETTE KINANE Raleigh Historic Development Commission North Carolina I Secretary BOARD MEMBERS — KELLI BACON Nebraska State Historical Society Nebraska HEATHER BAILEY City of Madison Planning Division Wisconsin NATHAN BEVIL Ohio History Connection Ohio KEVIN BOYD Iowa City Landmarks Commission Iowa BETSY BRADLEY Goucher College Historic Preservation Program Washington APRIL JOHNSON CHOICE Housing for New Hope North Carolina SARAH CODY Miami -Dade County Florida CATHARINE BURNS Community Collaboration LLC North Carolina I Treasurer SCOTT SLAGOR Michigan State Historic Preservation Office Michigan I Assistant Treasurer KATIE FRIDDLE Oklahoma City Planning Department Oklahoma REBECCA GOODWIN Otero County Historic Preservation Board Colorado MICHELLE G. MAGALONG University of Maryland Historic Preservation Washington, DC CAITLIN MEIVES Landmark Society of Western New York New York BHAVESH MITTAL City of Plano Texas PAULA MOHR Bentonsport Preservation, LLC Iowa MAGGIE SMITH San Francisco Planning Department California In this Issue One of historic preservation's challenges has long been the question of how to accurately and respectfully tell the stories of people and communities associated with historic sites. This is particularly challenging when the associated people have traditionally been underrepresented, misrepresented or misunderstood. As the historic preservation community continues working to become more inclusive and diverse it is clear that we cannot, nor should we, attempt to speak for communities whose stories are just now being told. Instead, we must commit to collaborative approaches where the impacted communities define their- own stories, identify their priorities, and guide preservation efforts. We must recognize that many of these stories are difficult and may reflect lifetimes of prejudice and neglect. They also often are remarkable stories of perseverance, commitment and community strength. In this issue we explore efforts to tell the stories of all those who call what is now the United States home. We start with Ariane L. Randolph's story of Jacksonville's Historic Eastside and the importance of understanding the ethnogenesis of how distinct ethnic groups develop over time. Calvin Nguyen shares important insights into the heritage landscape of Little Saigon in south Philadelphia, where foods, events and customs and the ongoing evolution of the built environment challenge traditional concepts of historic integiity.,Jane Daniels describes efforts to document and tell the stories of Jcpanese-Americans in the area of Rocky Ford, Colorado through themes the community felt are representatives of their experiences and the lives of those buried at the cemetery. Betsy Bradley explores how communities are redefining and utilizing their local ordinances to recognize cultural significance in nominations. Nick Vann shares his personal experiences of Chinese-American entrepreneurship and culture in Winslow, Arizona and the challenges of preserving the cultural heritage of businesses in changing economies and rapid movement toward national corporate business. Alexa Roberts shares the experiences and journey of recognizing the past and ongoing spiritual significance to the Cheyenne and Arapahoe of the landscape that became the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. Wrapping up this issue are two articles from recurring series — Tools for the Online Preservationist focusing on historic pavement and a Spotlight on Preservation Organization recognizing the efforts to preserve the Chicano Urals of Colorado. We hope you enjoy this issue, and as always, welcome your comments and suggestions. A mi �rl���a%,,,, „, ✓w/i�� ��„a, 2a;. Residences in the Historic Eastside District, Jacksonville, Florida. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 3 I am Arione L. Randolph. As a living legacy of my ancestors, I'm a devoted wife and mother of five, with a background in environmental science and real estate. Passionate about community well-being, I advocate against displacement and gentrification. My goal is to have a mixed -use development project in the Historic Eastside, that will have residential living, arts space, and an urban farm, Azaan's Lantern Urban Farms, in honor of my Sun. Illl�l° V 1111�4 1111�4 11111111�011�011�0Y iOR I 4auo»11ii,,. mwilro �Imi»1111 �» v Muagl »I� 4muv»»u mm»11t1w m lulus limusti»11) 4auo»1Rw amb»»q 4muv»»u uu ouititi uuooilitlro dI � �I����u�il�`i a,sv»m° mitilu»um� aw, »uu (litia»»» ommmNi By Ariane L. Randolph, Generational Resident This is how Eastside warrior scholar, Ms. Mary F. M. Jameson, signed her book to me; Remembering Neighborhoods of Jacksonville, Florida: Oakland, Campbell's Addition, East Jacksonville, and Fair- field: The African -American Influence. When Ms. Jameson set out to write that book, "...her initial intent was to document and disseminate informa- tion on the place, Historic Eastside, where she was raised, the place where she grew up, and called home." Historic preservation was one of her main goals. I love how she describes her research pro- cess, "...conversations: on porches, over fences, at storefronts, on curbs, at kitchen tables, on backyard and front steps, on sidewalks, streets and lanes." Which are the many ways that our -stories are pre- served and carried forward to the next generation. As a fourth generation Eastsider, my husband and I decided to move from West Palm Beach back to Jacksonville. My husband, a native of Miami, while I am from Jacksonville; our goal was to have one less vacant house "on the block." Redevelop- ing my Grandmother, Alberta C. Johnson's, home was our main focus and priority. My Grandmother purchased our home from Nurse Nelson, building a foundation where she raised my mother. Nurse Nelson served the Historic Eastside during Jim Crow segregation as the community midwife. I was recently surveying an "Eastside Alumni" who shared with me, "You know Nurse Nelson caught me. Her name is on my birth certificate." Ms. Mary F. Jame- son talks about Nurse Nelson in her research and scholarship. As I have recently begun my midwifery, in some form of historic preservation, I feel like I am carrying Nurse Nelson's legacy forward. Putting context on "The Block" is important because we were coming back to a community that had sur- vived the horrors of Jim Crow, the crack epidemic of Reagan-nomics during the 80s, and massive system- atic disinvestment, and economic displacement. Of- tentimes when it comes to "historic preservation" we in Black and Foundational Black American Culture are building and rebuilding from targeted economic attacks, social ills, and intentional disinvestment. The community is oftentimes within the last rhythms of its heartbeat; and there is a lifeline of people doing "community development," recharging the heart of the community, fighting to keep it alive. When it comes to "historic preservation" the most important element is the why! Why does it even mat- ter to preserve the stories, traditions, and ways of life that have been passed down to us? Where do those Page 4 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions not, f V i t , i�wm��wiroP�Ir�mm�li�1M9i Ariane on the porch of her home in the Historic Eastside District. traditions, oral our -stories, originate from? Why is it important to the progress of culture to make sure that these lessons, stories, and healings are carried forward in time, with each generation holding the responsibility to pass all charges on to the next? The focus of historic preservation for our culture has to be on our -story. We must control our own narra- tive. Our ancestral, and present-day stories come from the authentic voice of the community. History, "his -story", is often culturally watered down, co- opted by those in the dominant society, not Black - centered, and oftentimes missing key occurrences that have shaped the ethnogenesis, that has been experienced by Black and Foundational Black American communities of color within these United States of America. Ethnogenesis speaks to why "historic preservation" is important. Why should we care? Why does a fourth or fifth generation community member care to protect the oral and lived history that was shared with her by Grandparents and Great Grandparents Ethnogenesis is a process of the formation and development of an ethnic group, that has formed and shaped because their experiences of a certain period of time (decades, centuries, etcj make them ethnically distinct. Emphasis is placed on cultural blending and syncretism. Syncretism is the amalga- mation, or attempted amalgamation of different reli- gions, cultures, or schools of thought. Ethnogenesis refers to the process through which a distinct ethnic group emerges over time. This could occur through a variety of social, historical, and cultural processes, including migration, amalgamation of different groups, and the distinct development of a subgroup within a larger community. 0 The resulting ethnic group typically shares a com- mon identity, including elements such as language, culture, and belief systems. Ethnogenesis refers to a the process through which a distinct ethnic group emerges over time. This could occur through a variety of social, historical, and cultural processes, including migration, amalgamation of different groups, and the distinct development of a subgroup within a larger community. The resulting ethnic group typically shares a common identity, includ- ing elements such as language, culture, and belief systems. Ethnogenesis has two different forms. It may be passive, that is to say, an unintentional result of changes that occur over time within a social group. These changes may be determined by a combina- tion of different factors including religion, geog- raphy, and language. Ethnogenesis may also be active, intentionally engineered by outside forces, under various factors including political issues, economic disparities, and discrimination towards or against certain subgroups. It is my belief that ethnogenesis has led to formation of the ethnic group, Foundational Black American. This is not to be confused with African American, or Black American. A Foundational Black American (FBAJ are the descendants of the Black people who survived one the greatest atrocities in recorded history — American antebellum slavery. FBA are the descendants of the Black people who built the United States from scratch. But this history did not start in 1619. The history of FBA started almost 100 years earlier. The first documented foreign settlers in The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 5 Historic Eastside Brotherhood building. the New World of North America were the enslaved Black people who were brought over by Spanish colonizers in 1526. Shortly after, other Spaniards' arrival to the area would later become the South Carolina and Georgia coast. The enslaved Black captives launched a successful revolt, forcing the few remaining Spanish enslavers to ultimately retreat from the area, back towards the Caribbean. The liberated Black people amalgamated into the local Native American society, and this was a new historic chapter in what would ultimately become the culture of Foundational Black Americans. Since 1526, the culture of Foundational Black Americans has been that of building, resisting, perseverance, and fighting for justice. Foundational Black Americans are excep- tional people and we recognize, celebrate and give honor to that lineage. It's that lineage that we strive to preserve, maintain, and cultivate within all of our communities, in addition to the Historic Eastside. We intentionally, and on purpose live in a community that is using as many tools as possible to make sure that our story, and history, is preserved, for genera- tions to come. As previously mentioned, Ms. Mary F. Jameson laid a very thorough, and strong founda- tion of scholarship, back in 201 1 , in her book, Remembering Neighborhoods of Jacksonville, Florida: Oakland, Campbell's Addition, East Jack- sonville - Fairfield, The African -American Influence. Current historic preservation efforts have been fruitful as well. The Historic Eastside was listed on the Na- tional Register of Historic Places in the fall of 2023. This designation means more than 600 Historic East - side structures and buildings will have the chance to get federal funding to protect aging properties and keep legacy families within the community. Historic preservation provides an opportunity to celebrate the sacredness and culture of our community, while building for the future. This national historic designa- tion also makes the Historic Eastside Community the largest Black historic district in Florida. The work within the Historic Eastside has continued to plow ahead with the work to become the first Main Street America Community in Jacksonville, Florida. Main Street America is being utilized to bring economic vitality back to A. Phillip Randolph Boulevard, within the Historic Eastside. Named for Asa Phillip Randolph (APR), he is best known as a labor unionist and civil rights activist. APR orga- nized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first successful, Black -led labor union, in 1925. In Page 6 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions 1963 APR was instrumental in leading the famous March on Washington, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his I Have a Dream Speech. Main Street America, established as a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, helps revitalize older and historic downtowns, and neighborhood com-mercial districts. With more than four decades in this game, Main Street America leads a movement committed to strengthening communities through preservation -based economic development. The Historic Eastside is also home to the Melanin Market, an outdoor cultural designation of Black - owned businesses, a marketplace, and festival. It brings hundreds of families and people out to support Black businesses and the Historic Eastside. The Melanin Market empowers small and minority - owned businesses by providing a vibrant platform that merges culture, commerce, and creativity. They offer Black -owned business opportunities, act as a marketplace, and foster a supportive learning environment. The Melanin Market brings a boost of economic independence and strength to our commu- nities. It has been leading the way in placemaking, in addition to place -keeping; before placemaking was trendy. The Melanin has also been instrumental in coordinating historic tours within the Community. The Historic Eastside Community Development Cor- poration (CDC) has grown to fill the need for afford- able housing, working in the community as an infill housing developer. The CDC also is doing housing repairs further preserving the historical housing stock, helping families with back taxes, and connecting le- gal support to families with heirs' property. All of this anti -displacement work helps families preserve their legacy in the homes that their ancestors have built for future generations. The Historic Eastside CDC is also in the process of working on a Cultural Historic Heritage Trail Program. The heritage trail will include consistent markers throughout our communities identi- fying significant places. The Historic Eastside is collaborating with the Community Planning Collaborative, a group of amazing, strong, allies of urban planning and historic preservation professionals that are working on a historical and cultural zoning overlay. A zoning overlay superimposes an additional set of regulations over an existing zoning district, or multiple zoning districts, within a specific geographic area. At the forefront of historic preservation within the Historic Eastside is the work of a coalition, Together Eastside, working on a Community Benefits Agree- ment (CBA). A CBA is a legal and binding docu- ment usually between a city or municipality and a real estate developer. The CBA will weave cultural celebration, historic preservation, and heritage uplift as a main element and component. In the discus- sions and conversations on infrastructure, economic corridors, attainable housing, entrepreneurship, jobs, workforce, and education, historic heritage cultiva- tion is pertinent to forward progress and cultural preservation. A. Philip Randolph Park. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 7 Typical building type in Historic Eastside. The ethnogenetic lens is what we peak through to analyze and gain perspective of why we covet our - story, making cultural and historic preservation a priority. Heritage is handed down from the past, as a tradition, oftentimes symbolizing honor, pride, and courage of our Ancestors and Grandcestors. Mural work in the Historic Eastside District. Heritage comes to us from our birthright. It is inherited. Our duty is to make sure that when we can, we tell our own stories; and when we can- not, we control the narrative as much as possible, in the name, essence, and spirit of those that have come before us. IIIlN Page 8 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Central location in Historic Eastside, and the location of The Melanin Market. Commercial businesses along A. Philip Randolph Boulevard in Historic Eastside. Historic residences in the district. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 9 Calvin Nguyen grew up in Los Angeles and is currently the Indianapolis Preservation Coordinator at Indiana Landmarks. Prior to this position, he received an undergraduate degree in American Studies at University of California and a graduate degree in Historic Preserva- tion from University of Pennsylvania, where he completed a thesis on Vietnamese American heritage, community, and placemaking on Washington Avenue. Learning from Little Saigon, Philadelphia: Expanding Historic Integrity and Preserving Intangibli, Heritage in Place By Calvin Nguyen Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, over 3,000 Vietnamese refugees resettled in Philadelphia, with South Philadelphia serving as one of the primary relocation targets. By 1982, the area around 8th Street and Washington Avenue — com- plete with multiple Vietnamese corner stores, two restaurants, and a pharmacy — could be identified as a budding Vietnamese commercial district. There, Tait and other local food critics charted new terri- tory by reviewing ph6 and c6 ph6 sUa cl6; in those same restaurants, a growing Vietnamese population tasted home. Today, eastern Washington Avenue serves as an important social, economic, and cultural hub for some 26,000 Vietnamese Americans in the Phila- delphia -Camden -Wilmington metropolitan area and boasts over eighty Vietnamese -oriented businesses. Even as secondary migration to nearby suburbs in the 1990s and 2000s reduced South Philadelphia's Vietnamese American residential population, Wash- ington Avenue continues to be a popular destina- tion — whether as an everyday stop or weekend trek for culturally specific foods, events, and services. For nearly fifty years, the area's physical landscape has been continually occupied, altered, and built by Vietnamese Americans. In that time, the neigh- borhood has become a significant Vietnamese American heritage landscape — where history lies in restaurant menus, prayer beads, and Lunar New Year celebrations more so than cornices, wooden windows, and Flemish bonds. As post-1965 migrant communities and their built environment increasingly become "historic," landscapes like Philadelphia's Washington Avenue require the preservation profes- sion to reassess how we define historic integrity and Page 10 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions New World Plaza (ca. 1998) mini -mall marquee, adjacent to the South Vietnamese and American flags. A lion dance celebration in New World Plaza during Lunar New Year 2023. East side of South 8th Street, between Washington Avenue and Carpenter Street. The block features, from right to left: Pho Thanh Truc, which serves pho and banh mi; Hang Sing Duck House, a Chinese restaurant; Los Carnales Food Market, a Mexican corner store; Cafe Diem, a Vietnamese restaurant that specializes in bun bo hue; and Hong Phuoc, a former Vietnamese jewelry store. how we can help sustain these com- munities and their heritage. Defining Philadelphia's "Little Saigon" While no formal historic or cultural designation exists, the area roughly east of Broad Street around Wash- ington Avenue has been dubbed by news outlets, food blogs, and Google Maps as Philadelphia's "Little Saigon." Two block -wide Viet- namese mini -malls built in the 1990s anchor the commercial district, orbit- ed by more sparsely distributed Viet- namese -oriented businesses among the city'-, older building stock. Unlike most recognized ethnic historic dis- tricts, eastern Washington Avenue is not solely characterized by Vietnam- ese American institutions. Significant Latin American, other Southeast Asian, Chinese, and African migrant communities populate and help define this diverse neighborhood both commercially and residentially. It's for this reason that many Vietnam- ese American community members don't recognize the area as "Little Saigon" and refer to it more broadly as "Washington Avenue" or "South Philadelphia." Nonetheless, Viet- namese American institutions across Washington Avenue provide a criti- cal density — more so than anywhere else in Philadelphia — that creates an identifiable Vietnamese American neighborhood. Whether truly abut definitely not only) "Little Saigon," this archipelago of Vietnamese American institutions provides the setting through which Vietnamese American culture and heritage can be built and experienced. Philadelphia's "Little Saigon" rep - The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page It Interior of Nam Phuong, a Vietnamese restaurant which derives its name from Nam Phuong, the last Vietnamese empress. The mural depicts her portrait backgrounded by Da Nang Bay in Central Vietnam. resents a landscape where Vietnamese American heritage through food; they reconnect patrons to social and cultural life has occurred since 1975. memories of a past Vietnam through lemongrass, Multiple medical clinics and doctors' offices cater to star anise, and fish sauce. Heritage emerges in the Vietnamese -speaking patients, not far from Vietnam- everyday interactions on Washington Avenue: burn- ese pharmacies and eastern medicine shops. Two ing incense at the local Buddhist temple, ordering a regional Vietnamese newspapers operate out of bowl of bun bo hue, or simply hearing Vietnamese offices on Washington Avenue and distribute copies being spoken in a public space. To a community as far as northern Newjersey and eastern Virginia. defined in large part by their refugee status in the Bo De Buddhist Temple on 1 3th Street hosts weekly 1970s and 1980s — forcibly estranged from their morning prayer and offers free vegetarian lunches. home country — Washington Avenue becomes a Travel agencies provide a direct link to the moth- place where Vietnamese Americans can, as one erland — offering trip planning services, ways to community member put it, "see yourself." send remittances, and prepaid international calling cards back to Vietnam. Venues on Washington As Vietnamese Americans round fifty years of his - Avenue and across the South Philadelphia region tory, spatial self-determination becomes heritage, - host live cabaret shows that follow the spirit of Paris Washington Avenue stands as a testament to by Night, a beloved live entertainment program that Vietnamese American placemaking, community, and has captivated and helped form the Vietnamese resilience in South Philadelphia since 1975. As sec - American diaspora since 1983. Together, this web and and third generation Vietnamese Americans be - of businesses and institutions provides a full range come stewards of "Little Saigon," the ability to stay of social, cultural, culinary, financial, and religious in place becomes a part of heritage -making — to services specific to Vietnamese Americans. continue building on what their community built ce- Washington Avenue's identity as a Vietnamese American heritage landscape comes from its status as a living landscape, where the community contin- ues to make meaning in and occupy the neighbor- hood. Here, historic significance comes from how space is experienced and lived in. For example, Vietnamese restaurants and grocery stores preserve fore them. Significance lies not only in location (e.g. Vietnamese Americans have historically occupied portions of Washington Avenue), but in the ability for Vietnamese Americans to have agency in where to locate (e.g. Vietnamese American businesses have political and economic power to stay in place on Washington Avenue). How Washington Avenue is and will be experienced and occupied (and who Page 12 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions controls those decisions) is closely tied to its historic significance. As a heritage landscape, Washington Avenue possesses integrity as both a place to preserve memories and customs from Vietnam and continue a legacy of nearly fifty years of Viet- namese American occupation. But what clout the buildings? A large part of Washington Avenue's historic significance might be categorized as "intangible heri- tage:" culturally significant foods, "The Journal: Vietnam to US" mural on Bo` De temple's north elevation, facing Washington Avenue. The mural features motifs related to Vietnamese culture, centered events, and customs. However, the by a depiction of refugees fleeing Vietnam by boat. Two dragons and a poem, written tangible is just as important. Little in both English and Vietnamese, flank each side. Ten virtues are depicted through Saigon's physlCa icons and captioned in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese: Wisdom, Family, Tradition, landscape must Community,Courage, Journey, Loyalty, Homeland Love and Future. 9 Y� Y Y, be occupied, altered, and built in particularly ways to create a distinct Vietnamese American heritage landscape. In this case, the built environment serves as a means to express Vietnam- ese American heritage, rather than the genius loci of heritage itself. The mini mall serves as a highly visible and impor- tant building type along Washington Avenue. The form, with its expansive parking lot, opens access to both urbanites traveling by bus and suburbanites living in the outskirts of Philadelphia. Washington Avenue's two functioning mini malls provide an unbroken string of Vietnamese businesses, in contrast to the surrounding city blocks. A loggia runs along the entire facade of each mini mall. This sheltered walkway becomes a lounging area for middle-aged Vietnamese men smoking cigarettes or where busi- ness owners can converse with one another on slow summer days — reminiscent of street scenes back in Saigon. The parking lots, often seen as blight in an urban planner's eye, are used as informal public spaces insulated from the Philadelphia streets. For example, a local lion dance group snakes through the parking lot during Lunar New Year weekend, drawing a large crowd that brings cars to a stand- still. The mini malls promote a Vietnamese public sphere that could not exist outside of them: Buddhist nuns ask for donations and offer reliquaries in ex- change; newspaper stands stock the latest Viet My issue; Vietnamese is heard, read, and spoken more so than English. Additionally, since most of Washington Avenue's buildings are inherited by the Vietnamese Ameri- can community, alterations become an important cultural marker. Bright, eye-catching signs written in Vietnamese adorn nearly every Vietnamese Ameri- can business, whether attached to a concrete mini mall facade or an early twentieth century brick rowhouse. Commonly employing red and yellow color schemes, these commercial signs and awnings help connect discontiguous Vietnamese American institutions along Washington Avenue. Commercial interiors are also crucial to experiencing Vietnamese American heritage. They often include Vietnamese music, Buddhist shrines, bamboo plants, and imag- ery of rural Vietnam. A more easily edified space by a unit's occupants (many of which are renters), commercial interiors can communicate a distinct Vietnamese American identity through sight, sound, smell, and taste where exteriors cannot. These built forms and experiences express a high level of historic integrity in a way that deviates from traditional preservation thinking. Washington Avenue could not be fully understood as a heritage The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 13 Hoa Binh Plaza in October 2019 (above, before tenant evictions) and January 2023 (below, after tenant evictions). landscape through the National Park Service's definition of integrity, which focuses on the built environment as a metonym for history. At Philadel- phia's "Little Saigon," the built environment is closer to a canvas for history, on which the Vietnamese American community continually paints, erases, and repaints. Physical integrity has no fixed, ideal condition on Washington Avenue. It rests on the built environment's ability to reconnect memories and ways of living from Vietnam to Philadelphia and, in the twenty-first century, serve as evidence of nearly fifty years of Vietnamese American occupation. The built environment's integrity to Vietnamese American heritage is relational rather than innate; it must be flexible to support the evolving ways that Vietnamese Americans continue to express, experience, and claim their heritage and identity. Learning from Little Saigon Particularly in the past few decades, the preservation profession has reconsidered its curatorial approach to built heritage, which prioritizes material integrity as the nexus of historic significance. Through this approach, we've missed key social, cultural, and economic processes that help define heritage. For Philadelphia's "Little Saigon," the crux of Vietnamese American heritage does not rest in particular built forms, but in specific experiences, interactions, and transactions. The built environment creates mean- ing by facilitating ways through which heritage is created, preserved, and experienced rather than being an artifact with an immutable, static historic value. Interpreting heritage in this way complicates how preservation professionals should intervene. In considering living heritage landscapes like Washing - Page 14 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions ton Avenue, preservation tools must expand how we interpret historic integrity, support heritage, and sustain that heritage into the future. Flow do we tell the full story? One answer is to better highlight the histories and places of underrepresented communities — work that could be done through initiatives such as Los Ange- les's Asian American Historic Context Statements or Virginia Tech's "Echoes of Little Saigon" documentation project. This work provides a foundation for consid- ering these places as historic — that in Little Saigon, there is a "there, there." The counterpart to this is not only expanding what we preserve, but how we pre- serve. For example, Mural Arts Philadelphia and com- munity members painted a mural titled "The Journey: Vietnam to US" on Bo De temple's north elevation in 2007. The mural stands as an important storytelling component and iconic physical marker for Philadel- phia's "Little Saigon." Yet, if the late -nineteenth century schoolhouse -turned -temple had been protected under local historic designation, such a character -defining feature would likely not have been approved. Bo De temple's mural achieved significance to Vietnamese refugee history through community engagement with the built environment, rather than a reverence to spe- cific architectural forms. Traditional local protections often fail to take this relationship into account. A remedy could look like Denver's historic cultural districts program, which resembles a familiar pres- ervation tool in local historic designation. However, Denver's historic cultural districts emphasize a neigh- borhood's cultural history and allow for more flexible design guidelines. Denver's La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District has a period of significance from 1870 to 1980 which covers both its late -nine- teenth century housing stock and importance to the mid -twentieth century Chicano movement. The ac- companying design guidelines preserve certain forms such as existing murals, while allowing flexibility in others such as windows and porches. Fences can be any material but should be low -slung to facilitate an environment where neighbors can more easily interact with each other. The focus is on preserving relation- ships between the built environment and the commu- nity, while still allowing the neighborhood's physical landscape to evolve. To co-opt J.B. Jackson's use of the saying, don't "pity the plumage but forget the dying bird." Between 1998 and 2019, Washington Avenue had three active Vietnamese mini malls: Hoa Binh Plaza, Wing Phat/Dung Phat Plaza, and New World Plaza. However, in 2019, a real estate development company released plans to purchase Hoa Binh Plaza and demolish the mini mall to erect a 44-unit luxury condominium in its place. The following year, the developer evicted the mini mall's remaining commercial tenants. As of July 2024, Hoc Binh Plaza sits vacant against active community opposition, a shell of its former self. The mini mall's closure represents a rapid increase in property values and proposed developments along eastern Washington Avenue in the past decade, which threaten to change the scale, affordability, and community members in the neighborhood. How can we support and guide development — physically, economically, and socially — so that it is not antithetical to a heritage landscape's cur- rent condition? Beyond historic and cultural tools, preservation professionals should more explicitly champion initiatives that support economic equity and community agency. In places like Washington Avenue, spatial self-determination for the existing community is tantamount to retaining historic and cultural significance. Just as Denver's historic cultural districts seek to preserve the built environment in relation to its community, these broader tools should aim to preserve the community in relation to its built environment. Tools such as a transferrable development rights (TDR) program could help prevent property own- ers from being priced out of the neighborhood; conversely, a legacy business program such as San Francisco's — which offers technical assistance and rent stabilization grants — could support long-time commercial renters' ability to stay in place. Another San Francisco city initiative, the cultural districts program, leverages city planning, funding, and ex - The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 15 pertise to elevate and buttress community organizing in culturally significant neighborhoods. While it does not guarantee any formal protections, the program works closely with communities to identify significant places, institutions, and events. The end product is a community plan, which addresses a broad range of issues including cultural heritage preservation, tenant protections, arts & culture, economic & workforce development, land use, and cultural competency. San Francisco's cultural districts program goes beyond the usual goal of cultural tourism and seeks to provide communities with additional agency in shaping the future of their places while preserving its cultural significance. As existing community members and institutions should be provided tools to remain core stakeholders and residents in their heritage landscapes, new developments — particularly those coming from out- side the community — should operate with guardrails to positively impact the neighborhood. Incentives for new developments to provide public open space could leverage private investment for additional com- munity placemaking le.g. Lunar New Year festivals, night markets, community gardens, etc.. A com- munity benefits agreement ordinance could require high impact developments to communicate with and obtain approval from a representative community organization prior to beginning work, granting more bargaining power to community members. In the face of rapid physical and socioeconomic change, these tools could help guide large capital campaigns to work with the community and consider how a neighborhood's heritage and culture can be sup- ported through new buildings and landscapes. Conclusion In 2023, 1 spoke with a Vietnamese bakery owner who planned to demolish his existing Washington Avenue storefront in order to build a new, larger structure. The bakery had outgrown its modest space built in the 19905, and the owner was committed to staying on Washington Avenue. When asked about what should be preserved as Philadelphia's "Little Saigon," he responded: "facades come and go, but you need business." His answer valued the ways in which the landscape provides meaning to Vietnamese Americans, rather than the exact forms of the landscape itself. This is not to say that the built environment does not matter; it absolutely does. Maintaining the neighborhood's significance to Vietnamese Americans requires tending to the physi- cal forms that facilitate Vietnamese American history, identity, and belonging. However, Bo De temple's mural loses its weight if the building no longer sup- ports an active Vietnamese Buddhist congregation. As underrepresented communities' neighborhoods — most of which started in places deemed undesirable or blighted — are passed down to their second and third generation of occupants, we must be better equipped to understand what needs preserving, and how. We should search for more encompass- ing, complex ways to define and preserve heritage; this includes physical buildings and landscapes but should not end with them. This goal requires us to expand upon traditional preservation tools while also pairing those practices with interdisciplinary ways to address socioeconomic and environmen- tal conditions that affect expression of heritage. Change — physical, cultural, and economic — is inevitable. The question moving forward is how to manage that change to preserve the ways com- munities have created meaning in place, whether it's preventing a Vietnamese mini mall from being demolished or keeping the local banh mi shop in business. Page 16 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Jane Daniels is a preservation consultant based in Denver, Colorado and was on the project team for the Untold Stories and National Register nomination of the Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery in Rocky Ford. A former Executive Director of Colorado preservation, Inc. and Main Street Director in Laramie, Wyoming, she assists her clients with grant writing, historic research, and tax credit applications. Jane has a particular passion for working with diverse groups to accomplish their preservation goals and help them navigate the fun ins and outs of preservation. uuuu VI� uu umu° uu °° Illllllllllllluuulllllllll lt�ha���i a �, IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII uuuuuuuu, By Jane Daniels elllseusese Ainneiricains uiius *re ouiu*ly, Cdloirado There are indications that a fewjapanese immigrants were in Otero County prior to 1900.' In 1901, the American Crystal Sugar Company completed a large factory in Rocky Ford to process sugar beets. It was quickly discovered more farm workers were needed to harvest the crop, particularly since cantaloupe, watermelon, onions and other crops for the seed industry were already grown in the area. In 1902, sugar beet growers contracted with Harry Hokasano, an established Japanese farmer, to recruit additional Japanese to work the fields. Workers were also re- cruited from Mexico and the Navajo Nation." Melon harvest on the Yagami Farm in 1914. Page 18 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Twenty_Japanese men came and quickly proved to be excellent farmers. Local landowners took notice and were willing to rent them as much land as they wanted. Off the fields, the Japanese embraced cul- tural traditions of the Rocky Ford area, including or- ganizing Japanese wrestling matches for the 1907 Fourth of July celebration. Many married Japanese picture brides and established their families in or near Rocky Ford. In addition to farming, others started businesses including restaurants, grocery stores, beauty salons, produce brokerage and ship- ping companies. Buddhism and Christianity both played a central role in their lives. Some Issei and Nisei remained devoted Buddhists, while others, in the words of one Nisei, "borrowed the best of both worlds". With the WWII bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1942, the Japanese in Otero County witnessed subtle changes. Many stated they did not feel much preju- dice while others felt its presence. Older generations buried or destroyed family items, and traditional Japanese cultural activities were scaled back. Colorado's governor at the time, Ralph Carr, stated he would not intern, Japanese residents of the state, and proclaimed evacuees from the West Coast were allowed to relocate to Colorado if they had a job or family there. The establishment of the Granada Relocation Center (now the Amache National Historic Site) meant that some residents had family or friends interned in southeast Colo- rado; the dichotomy of their lives was not lost on the youth. ,Junichio Gene Hirakata, a son and grandson Issei, was fifteen when the internment site was estab- lished; he remembered visiting relatives at Amache and expressed that it was confusing even decades lcter.1v Despite this, ninety-two of ninety-three Issei successfully took the citizenship exam in 1952. As the 1960s passed, farming in Otero County be- came more challenging as the sugar factory closed in the mid- 1970s and water was sold to the urban areas. Younger generations looked for other oppor- tunities, leaving for college and relocating to other areas. By 2018 only onejapanese American family was still farming in Otero County. Orthomosaic Map of Valley View — Hillcrest Cemetery, mapped by Lex Nichols, Otero County Land Use Administrator. v6llley vrieIII°°IllOjlciires,[ Ceirneleirry aiia III°]Iie Jallpainese umeirricain Coinvirnuirtity Documenting the history of the,Japanese Americans in Otero County began in 2018 with a historic context and survey of archaeological sites and associated buildings. A group of Nisei and Sansei (children and grandchildren of Japanese immigrants) served as proj- ect advisors. Immediately they identified theJapanese American section of the Valley View-Hillcrest Cem- etery in Rocky Ford as a critical resource. The section contains approximately 225 burials, many with elab- orate headstones containing Kanji (Japanese writing). The identity of some interred had been lost as families moved away and records were misplaced. For the advisors, as well as the CLG, identifying those buried and telling stories to reflect their intangible heritage became a priority. Other resources surveyed included the former locations of three,Japanese American summer schools run to teach Japanese youth about their culture and language, buildings associated with Japanese businesses, a Buddhist church, the Japanese American Citizens League, and a farm market. Research determined that the cemetery was eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The City of Rocky Ford gave permission for the nomi- nation, which was supported by a CLG grant from History Colorado -State Historical Fund. As the name The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 19 suggests, the Cemetery is two separate cemeteries that became one in the 1960s. Valley View was the city -owned cemetery and Hillcrest was developed by the Ustick Family, who owned the local mortuary. The cemetery was eligible for listing under Criterion A in the areas of exploration -settlement, ethnic history - Asian: Japanese; and ethnic history: Hispanic; Criterion C for its landscape architecture and the influ- ence of the early lawn park cemeteries design move- ment; and Criterion D as a cemetery due to its historic significance associated with the broad patterns of settlement and development of Rocky Ford and the surrounding area. In addition to the nomination, translation of many of the Kanji headstones was undertaken which helped identify those interred and provided context for early Japanese arrival to the area. Not only did the transla- tion provide names and dates, but many identified where the person emigrated from in ,Japan, and in some cases, identified the social status of the family in Japanese culture. Uintolllld &ioiir ien I efiiuned Illu IIVIIII°me oinniiiunitpirtuirt A second component of the project focused on those buried at the Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery. This component was modeled after an effort at Fort Logan National Cemetery in Denver entitled "Untold Stories - More than a Headstone." Using themes, the project told the unique stories of those interred including their life challenges, triumphs, intangible cultural heritage, and family and societal contributions. Thanks to our Japanese American project advisors, five themes were identified for the Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery Untold Stories: Land and Opportunity; Patriotism/ Legacy and Honor; Adversity and Loss/Resilience (Life as Americans); Acceptance; and Gaman, a Japanese term that translates to "patience to endure/persever- once." Brief summaries of the resulting narratives are provided here. Land and Opportunity was represented by Sadakichi Harada. Sadakichi lived up to his name, which means "large field" in Japanese. Mr. Harada at age 18 came to farm for the sugar factory; less than a decade later he owned his own shipping shed and was shipping cantaloupe under the name "Harada Page 20 Isoshima Headstone in the Japanese American section of the cemetery. Farms He and his picture bride, Toki Kumagai, raised nine children. A devout Buddhist and commu- nity leader, Sadakichi helped otherJapanese farmers become established through cash loans, co-signing bank loans, and picking up chattel mortgages. Following the forced evacuation of Japanese Ameri- cans on the West Coast in WWII, Sadakichi located farms, jobs and housing in Otero County for many of the displaced. Patriotism/Legacy and Honor tells the story of Colonel Suiko Kumagai. Born in 1920, Suiko lost both of her parents by age four and later lived with her oldest sister Toki and family. In 1941, Suiko started nursing school in Denver even though the director- stated, "Well, you meet the requirements, so I guess I have to admit you. Interrogated by the FBI following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Suiko was allowed to stay in school, but not allowed to wear the uniform worn by all other students. Despite her sister being interned at Amache during the war, Suiko went on to receive several military awards following services in the Army Nurse Corps, as a civilian volunteer near Hiroshima caring for atomic bomb radiation victims, and active duty in the Korean Conflict, Vietnam War, and in Sai- gon supervising twenty field hospitals. She completed her military service at Fitzsimmon Army Hospital."" In 1972, Suiko achieved the rank of colonel. When asked why she never married, she explained "I married Uncle Sam. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions S Inoshima Line one: 1-1 it Line one: Daianji (a Buddhist temple) in one of the conjoined villages 1"TT�`j) i�, `i' of Ono, Mitsu district, in ):.�. I� Line Okayama; Line two: Buddhist Disciple Hdon, two: rl Inoshima; Otomatsu Line TIA, three: Died on the thirty Line three: first of October in the seventh year of Taisho (1918) at age 42 Translation of Isoshima Headstone by Jonathan Thumas, PhD, Harvard University. 5uiko Kumagai in military uniform. Adversity and Loss/Resilience is told through the life of Henry Hiroshi Konishi who grew up in the Imperial Valley, the son of a successful farmer and co-owner of multiple produce brokerage firms. His father died five days before Pearl Harbor, after which he and his mother and sisters were interrogated and told to leave California. After a brief stay in Oklahoma, the Konishis came to Rocky Ford where Henry worked for a seed company. Drafted into the army, he attended a special military intelligence service language school before being sent to Manila, Philippines where he interrogated prisoners of war and was later sent to Tokyo with the occupation forces. Prior to serving overseas, Henry married local Nisei Amy Nakayama' Upon returning he joined her as a partner in her beauty salon, a business they ran to- gether until his death in 2001. Amy continued to run the business until her death at the age of 90 in 2016. The business operated for 71 years. Henry lived his life "as an American" and wanted others to see it that way too.' Acceptance is a theme whose subject is not Japanese, but immediately was identified by the advisors. Harry B. Mendenhall Sr. was a banker and is remembered by all the lapanese Americans as their friend. He was the only banker initially willing to lend them mon- ey and willingly shared financial and business ad- vice. While the children of the Issei remember there being limited racism, at least one cross was burned in the Mendenhall's yard. Harry B. sent his son to one of the Japanese American summer schools, telling him he needed to understand the Japanese were their neigh- bors and friends, and no different than he. Even after Pearl Harbor Harry Mendenhall never wavered in his support or friendship. Through not only his business dealings, but his everyday actions, he demonstrated the true meaning of acceptance. a a Gaman is represented by Kichisuke and Kentaro 0 0 Takeda, two brothers who were put on a steamship a to America at ages 14 and 8 to live with their sister, Tami Takeda, who had married Sadakichi Harada. 0 The two boys, speaking no English, had spent all their 0 money by the time they arrived in Seattle. A kindly gentleman discerned the situation, purchased their train tickets and food, and made sure they got safely The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 21 Henry Konoshi in WWII uniform. to Colorado. Neither boy attended school, but both learned mathematics and to read and write English. Both spent their lives as farmers, Kichisuke working with his cousins. Kentaro married, raised a family, and spent his adult life farming for a local landowner. In 1952, after passing in citizenship class, Kentaro came home waving a small American flag and tell- ing his children "Now I can vote.""" Neither Kichisuke nor Kentaro ever spoke of what it was like to be sent alone as children to a foreign country. Later in life, Kentaro returned to Japan several times to visit family, yet he never shared what it felt like to return to the place of his birth. essoiins, Painined mind IINex,ih, SiVeIps On July 29, 2024, the NPS made the official an- nouncement that the Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery (50T.1744) was listed in the National Register. The Untold Stories will be archived in local libraries and museums, at the Japanese American Resource Center of Colorado and the archives of the Asian and Pacific Islanders Americans in Historic Preserva- tion (APIAHiP) based in Seattle. The Otero County CLG currently has a CLG grant from Historic Colo- rado to develop a consumable workbook for all 3rd grade students in the county, along with a teacher's resource manual, which will use local historic sites to teach history and will meet all Colorado educational standards for grades 2 through 4. The Valley View Hillcrest Cemetery is one of the lessons in the work- book, and the Untold Stories will be used as source materials. The success of this project is attributable to our Japa- nese American advisors. The historic context and survey of sites, National Register nomination of the cemetery, and development of Untold Stories were guided by their knowledge and willingness to share Ninformation and stories about the Japanese American community. Oral histories conducted with community members helped identify sites for the initial survey and 0 clearly identified the Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery and those buried there as a priority. The selection of the Untold Stories themes, and more specifically the subjects, clearly demonstrated thatJapanese Americans' intangible heritage could best be told not only through members of their community, but also through members of the greater community like Harry B. Mendenhall, Sr. Documenting the cultural heritage of a group should not be done "for them" but must be undertaken "with them"; it is the community that defines what is most significant or representative of their intangible heritage. Next steps include continuing to develop Untold Stories for the Valley View Hillcrest Cemetery focusing initially on Japanese Americans and Latinos. Other Kentaro and Mary Mamori Takeda. Page 22 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions The peonies which bloom yearly around Memorial Day are an important historic characteristic of the cemetery. Untold Stories may include telling the intangible heri- tage from other county cemeteries such as the Man- zanola Cemetery, a burial place of African American homesteaders who established a community known as "The Dry," ten miles away. Other cemeteries in the county contain burials of early Hispanic settlers, Russians/Germans and Mennonites, and early pioneers and cowboys who helped build the area. And now with Valley View-Hillcrest Cemetery officially listed, the next priority is to undertake restoration and resetting of some of the headstones in theiapanese American section. Amendments are being made to the state register - nomination of the Grand Theatre Building in Rocky Ford. This amendment would include the story of the Konishis and the beauty salon they ran in the build- ing's storefront for 65 years, making it the longest continuous non -farm Japanese owned business in the county. To read the full National Register nomination for the Valley View Hillcrest Cemetery, visit: National & State Register Listed Properties I History Colorado lljlljjll Clllliu°md'iu°m:tllVast '"Mary Yagami Compiles History of Japanese in Valley." Rocky Ford Daily Gazette, 1986 Community Report, p9. West, Vol. 13, pp, 1-105. Harada, Kaz. Personal Communication with Rebecca Goodwin, August 10, 2019. '"Takeda, Kenji. Personal Communication with Rebecca Goodwin, September 20, 2022, and Oct. 5, 2022. Harada, Uji. "History of the Harada Family-Sadakichi Harada". Pages 161-171. "' Robinson, Thelma M. 2005. Nisei Cadet Nurse of World War II: Patriotism in Spite of Prejudice. Black Swan Mill Press. Pages 148-152. vl' Robinson, Thelma M. April 28, 2009. "Suiko D. Kumagai: A Biographical Sketch written In Celebration of 60 Years with the University of Colorado Denver College of Nursing Alumni." University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, College of Nursing. "I Married Uncle Sam." https://news.cuonschutz. edu/nursing/i-married-uncle-som. "Pioneer Museum of Imperial Valley 1200Q. Imperial Valley Issei Pioneers Family History of Yataro Konishi. x Dell, Sandra Konishi. History of Henry Konishi, Feb. 18, 2023. A Hiraki, Sumi Takeda. Personal Communication with Rebecca Goodwin, October 5, 2022. n7akeda, Kenji "Bill". Personal Communication with Rebecca Goodwin, September 22, 2022. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 23 Betsy Bradley was the Director of the Cultural Resources Office in St. Louis from 2011-2015 and was a member of the Spokane Landmarks Preservation Commission from 2017-2022. She follows the work of the City of Denver and other communities who are expanding local historic preservation programs. W, KCl m u muisism R C OF$ m P ouuup'y�ry �ouuuu pmuuuy Vm}�illl mumlll uu lisle pgry� plulillVN �Ati N iisiuu q4 ufmuulp"^ rN""�6 �PMmuu �u19UUYlYN '�b�fl �,���oom�ImuWmu�U6 �� i�, 1, +�� ����� ���� lI�'NuwA �BNNIf W5NNhI(IM INMflNN�4 !/b,� II)VIi 14>'1' dwdo m4kfNdM1 pnnplu}�,, IIIVI IIW NO VVVpy ouudu m mmu1� p1ooIIVUI� miallR1 has �pW,;�jfilnuN�p +mmuupI��� m Iuuiu m Iuum 1ji �uuuuT fig))}ymmP Nl�ul�pllu, areuuugB�p� Mnox 1umwmu l uoomi��l�' ���� ����,,,,. ��ttumuuv)9,111 'A I�� U �mu»d�%'', uumwmJ�i umwwmJlUl m N NllNIu @mdmW� Nuoi�� I ! lluuoN��0ua m�Npusa��°°�I��VVMM�I deli m �VluuumN� sisiu�u^� Nma a tlunm' bsun, °Mu"Mtl sisiu�u^� IIpIIOR tuuwaWf NhIIIA� By Betsy Bradley As we become familiar with cultural significance, it is useful to think of this recognition extending to col- lective identity, memory, and places where cultural practices have taken place for a long time. While all groups have cultures, intentionally recognizing the cultural significance of identity groups and their places opens programs to include a wider range of places. As we consider moving in these directions, we need to address many aspects of local preservation pro- grams. Recognition - being on the list and map of historic places in the community - may not always be a benefit. A program's reputation in terms of design review may have a "keep your hands -off" effect. The benefits of recognition are likely to be recognized if design review is pragmatic and addresses primar- ily the reasons for recognition, which may well not be architectural significance. Recognizing the close relationships between cultural and social history is helpful when considering how to research and present the documentation. Recognizing the entwined histo- ries - cultural groups have social activities at certain places - and the occurrence of such events over time as significant historical patterns incorporates culture into established ways of understanding places. Think broadly about these patterns; they undoubtedly in - The house listed as the Maya Angelou Birthplace, a City of St. Louis Landmark, was typical for the neighborhood. clude sequential waves of settlement, making homes, and forging community. The National Park Service National Register Program staff state that "In National Register practice, culture is understood as "a pattern of events" or "repeated activities" significant under Criterion A." in the January 2024 Best Practices Note, Nominating Properties for Cultural Significance under Criterion A. The authors refer to ethnic and identity groups as likely representatives of culture. For instance, it notes that "Social history" is often selected as an area of 3 Page 24 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions The New Age Federal Savings and Loan Building, St. Louis, built 1958. significance for properties associated with a broad range of activities by identity groups or specific com- munities." The document's overall message is that Cri- terion A is a broad tent and that nomination preparers can contextualize and convey the cultural meanings that tangible places have in the local context and broader American experiences. The message echoed here is embodied in the Nike slogan: Just do it. Local programs have at least three common ways to recognize places with cultural significance through local designation: 1 . Use wording in the existing ordinance purpose clauses and designation criteria to expand the consideration of social (history, ethnic history, and cultural heritage in yL community; 2. Interpret broadly the existing areas of significance for designation and listing in the National Register; and 3. Add an additional criterion of significance. Usi€ing li'I[)le exislhinf'yb c,�iidiiin�airxe The purpose statements of an authorizing ordinance often include recognizing the benefits of historic preservation and what the local program intends to preserve. Authorizing ordinances may well mention culture. For example, the City of Spokane document includes: "The City recognizes that the maintenance and preservation of historic landmarks and historic districts benefits all people in Spokane and provides a general benefit to the public by preserving our City's history and unique culture." Cultural significance and heritage may be mentioned in whereas clauses and even in a restatement of the four criteria used in the National Register of Historic Places program. Some programs recognize highly visible places perceived as important —the visual "That's a landmark!" criterion. Others recognize a neighborhood's distinctive identity. These open doors Survey notes for this bungalow in the East Central neighborhood of Spokane includes a racial history note: A 1957 newspaper advertisement says there will be "no racial discrimination" in the sale The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 25 The East Central Community Center is nominated to the Spokane Historic Register under Category E due to its association with Spokane's racially and ethnically diverse East Central community and particularly with the League of Women for Community Action, as well as Category A, the pattern of development of community centers in the city. The building's period of significance begins in 1978 and extends to 2024. for expanding the range of designations, yet often, the challenge is to state cultural significance. The City of St. Louis uses a broad designation crite- rion that mentions culture: "has significant character or value as part of the development, heritage or cultural characteristics of the city, state or nation" The St. Louis Preservation Commission uses this criterion to desig- nate places with cultural importance. I turned to cultural significance to nominate a few properties that otherwise would not have been recognized. After the collapse of Tillie's Corner, a building waiting for final approval for listing in the National Register, 1 recognized the importance of this place and Mrs. Pearson's descendants continuing her work. The widowed Mrs. Pearson long operated a small grocery store that was her community's hub and stabilizing force, and she helped many people over the years as an informal charity and activist. While her life's work stands out, it also speaks to the broad- er culture of Black residents of St. Louis. The local designation report states that Tillie's Corner represents important cultural practices of building community, social activism, and helping others. After Maya Angelou's death, a modest house in a segregated neighborhood she had lived in briefly as a child was designated using this criterion. The significance statement notes how the house helps convey Angelou's long journey to become one of the most prominent and respected women of her genera - tion. The New Age Federal Savings and Loan erected a Mid -Century Modern building in 1958. 1 could have nominated it for its a architectural significance, and I did note its architec- ture. However, the cultural criterion captured the story of this bank well and how it was representative of one of two Black financial institutions related to Black residents' social and cul- tural history. Taking the time to articulate the social and cultural history of places like this tells fuller stories about these places. 1�supusiiidiiirq, c°,jIlturirolj ssiirid siru)ruij'krxnrno,u Let's take a fresh look at how we use areas of signifi- cance and craft our arguments. We may have fallen into the habit of using only tried and true interpreta- tions of architectural significance. Similarly, we expect potential historic districts to have normative character- istics: a significant concentration, linkage, or continu- ity. Yet the complex intersection of economic forces, people, place, and other factors produces places that lack clear boundaries and incorporate significant loss and intrusive land uses. Rather than focusing on what has been lost, understanding what remains recasts such areas into valued holders of social and cultural history and conveyers of the history of groups often overlooked. We can counter expectations for what might be significant with expanded interpretations and listening to new voices in historic preservation. Several methods can re -situate our work and focus broader research agendas. Using Ned Relph's definition of a sense of place that draws our atten- tion to the physical setting, activities that take place there, and their meanings is a method to broaden our understanding of places and their social and cultural significance. Focusing on activities and meanings provides evidence for social and cultural history and significance. We will want to present the activities and meanings as understood in the past rather than project - Page 26 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions ing our current interpretations backward. Recognizing variations in how people occupy and alter buildings to meet needs over time — a culture of ownership and occupancy — adds to the richness of places. Long periods of significance capture times of change and static in places. Cory France, a cultural and historic preservationist and folklorist working in Columbia, South Carolina, recently re -imagined the interpretation of areas of significance to capture the experiences and meanings residents associate with the Ridgewood -Monticello neighborhood of Columbia. Cory recasts community planning and development in terms of maintaining cultural continuity and the extensive history of African American community planning and self -organization in response to systemic barriers such as redlining, segre- gation, and urban neglect. Cory calls our attention to the community adapting urban spaces to their needs, fostering economic development through Black -owned establishments like Mista Brown's Seafood. Recognizing the tire repair shop functions as a casual community gathering place expands our thinking about what third places might be. While we usually consider architectural significance in terms of design, Cory describes the architectural meaning, and therefore the significance, of the modest buildings in the neighborhood. He presents them as il- lustrative of the historical and aesthetic evolution of the community, reflecting various periods and responses to economic conditions. He notes that historic homes and community businesses showcase the distinct character- istics of regional building trends and adaptations. The architectural significance of the neighborhood's build- ings is the insight they provide into the community's socio-economic dynamics and cultural adaptations. Cory's approach is distinctly cultural and social, relies on understanding the neighborhood from residents' points of view, and models ways to incorporate all aspects of sense of place. Aa d ii inrf,so; (,,gdditioncdr irii ltr � it iiro�b Some local programs have taken steps to articulate interest in a broader range of properties and types of significance when ordinances are revised. This more emphatic statement of interest supports the revision of work practices. Spokane When plans were underway to revise the authorizing ordinance for the Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2017 (adopted 2018) Category E was added. The new criterion is: A property that represents the culture and heritage of the city of Spokane in ways not adequately addressed in the other criteria, as in its visual prominence, reference to intangible heritage, or any range of cultural practices. Spokane The Spokane Historic Preservation Office uses the intentions behind the new criteria in several ways. It's East Central Historic and Cultural Context completed in 2022-2023 recast a CLGgrant funded survey into one focused on intangible heritage and cultural prac- tices — the life stories — of the Italian immigrants and Black Spokanites who lived in East Central. Recogniz- ing that the designation of a district was not the main goal for the survey, the context for this area includes information highlighting Spokane's underrepresented communities for use in various projects. It includes stories related to Black, Indigenous, and other people of color who have contributed to Spokane's develop- ment and addressed the topics of immigration, hous- ing segregation, and urban renewal. One outcome of the survey is the nomination of the East Central Community Center to the Spokane Historic Register. Designations under Category E include Turner Hall, the ethnic clubhouse meeting center owned by the German American Society of Spokane. The property represents the many German immigrants who brought political, religious, and social ideas to Spokane as well as economically important innovations. The Highland Park United Methodist Church is designated for its architectural significance and under Category E. The church and its congregation are integral to the history of thelapanese community in Spokane from the founding of the church in 1902 to the present. The church played a powerful role in assisting new The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 27 This streetscape in the La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District demonstrates the cultural practice of low fences enclosing front yards. community members and providing educational resources during its early years and during World War II as Spokane was outside the coastal evacu- ation zones and theJapanese population increased significantly. Denver The Denver Landmarks Preservation Commission expanded its recognition of cultural significance and revised its practices to embrace this change after a revised ordinance was adopted in 2019. Our col- leagues in Denver are actively pursuing a program that recognizes more diverse cultures and communi- ties. It launched a Denver in Context series dedicated to studying and sharing "deep history and historic places of Denver's historically underrepresented com- munities ... specific ethnic, racial, or cultural groups." The program has completed a Latino/Chicano His- toric Context Study, Nuestras Histories. While the La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District designated in 2021 coincided with the development of the his- toric context, the designation of La Raza Park Historic Cultural Park drew directly upon the information and recommendations in the context study. The La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District could be designated not just for its early residential development and vernacular architecture but also for the evolution of the built environment over time and its important role in the Chicano Movement due to the adoption of the additional criteria. The Denver program developed district -specific design guidelines Page 28 that recognize the cul- tural dimensions of some of the district's physical components and take a pragmatic approach to making changes to buildings. While the completion of a context study is not a a� o new practice, framing 00 the context and the series o� of themes developed in the study is a recasting of these documents. Three themes are of particular interest as they address culture. The El Movimiento/The Chicano Move- ment: The Chicano Movement in Denver theme documented the grassroots organizing by numerous activists, including the Crusade forJustice and others. The Arts theme covers the renaissance of Chicano music, literature, art (particularly murals), poetry, dance, and theater, which started during the 1960s as an integral part of El Movimiento and that remains a crucial component of culture in Denver today. The Neighborhood Life theme seems so important that it is astonishing that it has yet to become common as we think about cultural life and identity. This theme recognizes that Denver's neighborhoods feature countless essential places for Latinos/Mexicanos, where people have fostered a strong sense of belonging, developed deep relationships, and feel connected and accepted. ac Ii oin Become familiar with your community's interests in cultural significance and people who will be impor- tant resources and community communicators for this work. Share your interest in the NPS guidance for using Criterion A to encompass cultural and social significance. Rethink how historic contexts and surveys can capture information beyond architecture — all of the components of sense of place. Start talk- ing and writing about intertwined cultural and social significance. Be ready to respond with "tell me more" when a community member asks about a place with cultural significance.lE The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Building mural in the La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District that expresses the district -specific design guidelines. First, SIialeirirYra irrilli i€in ihie IIsfew ")irn.fiiirirrrinm Designate, preserve, protect, enhance and perpetu- ate those structures and districts which reflect out- standing elements of the city's cultural, artistic, social, economic, political, architectural, historic or other heritage. [a ray IINd�iiicriiiltiirrHii°ilrrr: Culture shall mean the traditions, beliefs, customs, and practices of a particular community. Culture can encompass structures, businesses, institutions, organizations, events, arts, and crafts. Historic context shall mean those patterns, themes, or trends in history by which a specific structure or district is understood. It refers to the cultural, social, religious, economic, and/or political conditions that existed during a certain time and at a place and provides the background necessary to understand how and why a structure or district may have historic, architectural, geographic, or cultural significance. Culdtu�i rill Citiil[eHa,or: h. It represents an era of culture or heritage that allows an understanding of how the site was used by past generations; i. It is a physical attribute of a neighborhood, community, or the city that is a source of pride or cultural understanding; or i. It is associated with social movements, institutions, or patterns of growth or change that contributed significantly to the culture of the neighborhood, community, city, state, or nation. Coiirirlilrrin,jiiinrity' C oinil7lect,(,,ril°parr People in these compensated positions serve as inter- mediaries and two-way communicators between the city's project leaders and consultants and members of the identity community that is the subject of a context. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 29 Nicholas Vann was recently appointed as the Director of Equity and Belonging within the Washington State Governor's Office of Equity. He previously served as the State Historical Architect and the Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer for the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. %0/apGJG a uu. //%Gpj aOfA "/,,,III (a/// -// //tarp Al%Uo II r/Odor % nOlo /roror !. /r (a//p . dip.. /4; ' Jr01� //r�or paro IJ iiiairJiq /rmml; �� l� /// (, //// °j0.. ! dam,% ", j / �/� r�i A I "/im r �rr r J� l jai 11 r ��( //iiai� ��� oil.; p�j �!r rr irJ °6ji0%// /J /JJ` 1////v roia/ "m/%%r / J ��i 0 IIII uuuuu �i� / V////OJi/ ��IIL frro By Nicholas Vann The success of these Chinese American immigrant entre- preneurs may be seemingly banal without understand- ing the historic context of Chinese American exclusion in the built environment. The gas station itself shared a wall with a restaurant that varied in culinary offerings from one decade to another from Mexican food to burgers and Thai food. The buildings are not known for their architectural legacy. They are simple and utilitarian in design, constructed of easily acquired builder -grade materials including blonde rustic cut bricks, cedar shin- gle mansard style roof overhangs, flat roofs, stock wood trim, picture glass windows, vinyl tile floors, acousti- cal ceiling tile, wood veneer paneling, and linoleum countertops. Though not high design or any particular architectural style, the gas station and its accompanying restaurant are symbols of multiple paradoxes: prosper- ity and hardship; assimilation and exclusion; and the iconic Route bb's contributions to a thriving Winslow economy only to be bypassed by Interstate 40. If you're unfamiliar with the latter story, watch the movie Cars. My parents would send my sister Audrey and me up to Winslow from Tempe for long weekends, weeklong Fred (Lem Kong) and Linda (Yok Lin Woo) SooHoo with son Spencer in front of original Sam Woo Grocery Store in Arizona, 1947. Page 30 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions adventures during summers and spring ry0^W 1µT4R.5141E 40 breaks. This forma five bonding time with my grandpar- ents Fred (Len Kong) and Linda (Yok Lin) SooHoo wasn't just about quality time together, but it was also to be DO helpful and earn a little extra allover ance. I worked in the gas station stocking candy on the shelves, dusting the trinket carousel full of roadside tchotchkes, mopping floors, turning the gas pumps on and off for customers, running the credit card imprinter, and counting change out from the cash register. While I was in the gas station with grandpa, my sister was in the drive-in with my grandma cleaning tables and making Freddie's tacos — the same tacos my mom made thousands of when she was a teenager. When we were closing down for the day, we would all as- semble at the laundromat to sweep the floors, collect all the quarters from the day, and then roll them up into coin sleeves. These jobs were an expression of our love languages: acts of service rewarded by quality time and consuming soul -filling "home -cooked" food. Spending a few minutes on Ms. Pac-Man or Michael ]ackson's Moonwalker arcade games wasn't a bad reward either, and admittedly I would even sneak an Icee from the Icee machine every once in a while. Before the SooHoo's culinary staples came to be, they had made other contributions to Winslow's food scene. Linda's father Sam Woo opened a grocery store on East First Street on the first floor of the Statler Hotel (now demolished). Sam Woo, Fred and Linda SooHoo, and their first-born son Spencer all lived above the store in the years following World War 11. The grocery store — Sam's Food Mart — later moved onto East Third Street where it remained open from 1960 through the early 1990s. WIPlS�OW, ARIl0NA fREDO" DRIVE- IN, IAUNDR0MAT, IIOUOR STORE, APhRTMENTS GAS STATION WNTOwNy SAM`S FOOD MART (GROCERY STORE) Map of Winslow, Arizona, showing locations of historic Route 66, Interstate 40, and SooHoo built properties. My family had capitalized on volumes of Route 66 travelers by situating the grocery store and the drive-in restaurant — Freddie's Drive-in — on the highway. The grocery store was a simple concrete block building covered in stucco with rounded edges, picture glass windows, a shallow flat suspended awning, painted signage, and flagstone bulkhead. A projecting wood frame lattice structure called the attention of motorists on Route 66 to Sam's Food Mart, advertising parking in the adjacent lot for convenience. Many of these 1960s adaptations to the original structure remain in place today, though the harsh sun and wind have contributed to the store's deterioration. The drive-in restaurant was built contemporaneously with the grocery store. It is also a simple, concrete block building with four large plate glass windows topped by an eye-catching butterfly roof in the Googie architectural style popular in the period. Auto -oriented signage in front of this building also drew the attention of Route 66 travelers, advertising an eclectic American menu of fried chicken, chili, and tacos. The restaurant was so successful that the SooHoos expanded the building in the 1980s, replacing the butterfly roof with a shingled mansard roof —again, an architectural mea- sure reflective of the period. New signage christened the building "Sir Freddie's Drive -In" and advertised American staples of chicken, tacos, hamburgers, and steak. It was more profitable to serve American food instead of Chinese food, according to my grandpa. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 31 Second location of Sam Woo Grocery Store, as seen on 5-year anniversary, 1965. Freddie's tacos are best described as a well -seasoned half of a frozen hamburger patty nestled in a hard taco shell and then dropped into the deep fryer, then topped with sharp cheddar cheese, fresh shredded lettuce, chopped onions, and hot sauce. Not remotely Chinese, too inauthentic to be Mexican or Tex-Mex, but uniquely American in its hybrid nature. Those tacos put my mom and three uncles through college — the first generation incur family to offend. And they're still a lo- cal staple immortalized on the menu at Bojo's Grill and Sports Club downtown after a former cook brought Freddie's Drive -In along Route 66, as seen ca. 1960. Freddie's Drive -In along Route 66, as seen ca. 1960. them over after Freddie's closed for good in the early 2000s. Recently, my mother Kim and grandma were featured as women of color who worked along this iconic route in the documentary The Untold Story of Women of the Mother Road produced by filmmakers Katrina Parks and Dr. Heidi Osselaer. This documentary is a three- part series exploring how women overcame gender dis- crimination and segregation on America's most beloved road (learn more at https://www.route66women. Freddie's tacos at Bojo's Grill and Sports Bar in Winslow. Page 32 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions comj. Fred and Linda worked tirelessly, nearly every day from 7 in the morning through 9 or 10 at night. Their businesses were their workplace and their Third Place, often full of regular customers not necessarily stopping in to make any purchases but to just shoot the breeze and nurture the social connections that knit this small community together. "Have you eaten?" was often the phrase Fred and Linda would use to open a conversa- tion. To many Chinese Americans, this translates to "are you doing well?" and "I want to make sure you're well nourished." Fast forward to 2016. It's a windy day because it's always windy in Winslow. I'm helping take as -built measurements of the old grocery store on Third Street. My wife and oldest son — just an infant at the time — are with me, my parents, two of my uncles and an aunt. My uncles had previously asked if there were any funding options for saving the old store. What's the history here? Is it significant? Certainly, its significance was obvious to my mom and uncles. They had sentimental attach- ment and lived through the tail end of Chinese exclusion firsthand. My perspective was a little cloudier, though. National Register and tax credits came to mind, but my preservation mind at the time went straight to stringent standards applied to rehabilitation projects that disre- gard sentiment as a criterion and deprioritize economic investment as a primary driver for preservation. The answer, especially without my formal knowledge of the historic context of Chinese American built lega- cies or even the true lived experiences of my elders living through Exclusion, was no. Those cornerstone preservation options were off the table. I didn't really remember the store from my own childhood experienc- es, but that was mostly because the store had simply shut down well before I was born, though it remained in the family's ownership. Faced with decades -long vacancy and small-town economics, the family was considering either demolition or reuse. My optimistic attitude towards reusing any existing building obviously biased my opinion: of course it can be reused! We just needed a vision. Convert it to an office rental for a local non-profit or government use. Return it to its origi- nal use as an auto -oriented business like a car dealer or mechanic. Or even bring it back as a small corner market store, a small business entrepreneurial incubator like it had been for our own family. We set out to document the existing conditions, with the added benefit of my Uncle Mark's drone for aerial photography to examine what we couldn't from the ground. The building is in rough condition, but I worked in post -Katrina New Orleans. Nothing has to be demolished. Demolition is an unfortunately common Shell gas station and adjacent restaurant at One Transcon Lane in Winslow, shown ca. 1980. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 33 Interior of restaurant space next to gas station, when Mexican restaurant Mi Pueblo was tenant, 2016. choice for many building owners (or developers) be- cause it's simply much easier to throw away buildings in our throwaway culture than it is to reuse them. This case was no different. And at the time, I hadn't grown to understand the full context of Chinese American history, especially not for my own family. I also really didn't grasp the rarity of built structures associated with Chinese American entrepreneurs that had survived the test of time. Assimilation caused us to suppress the importance of our own history as Chinese Americans, nearly erasing our very own history. Demolition in lieu of reuse remains a realistic and irreversible option. This would surely be a painstaking family decision — not just because of the family's sentimental attachment to these places, but also because of the rarity of such surviving structures in rural towns across the American West. Let's return to 1998, just a couple of years after this story began. The vacant land across the Interstate had recently sold, and Flying began building a massive truck stop. I stood on that same corner on the outskirts of town. I watched all of those cars, pickup trucks, motorcycles, RVs, and eighteen wheelers that used to turn right off of Interstate 40 towards the SooHoo gas station — now turning left. I saw the look in my grandpa's face. Though he had faced adversity and persevered all his life, this crushed him. He immigrated as a paper son at the tender age of 8, fought in World War II and liberated concentration camps in Austria, became an immigrant entrepreneur and ran half a dozen successful small businesses, assimilated the family to avoid deportation via the Federal govern- ment's Chinese Confession Program, and raised four incredibly bright and selfless children. The Flying J was just another example of small business American dreams being overpowered by non -local big business. He never said anything about it, but I know it hurt him. We haven't lost the buildings yet, and we haven't lost Freddie's Tacos. Each in their own right are integral to the tangible and intangible fabric of Winslow's history. For most, they might just be incubators for small busi- nesses, or just a taco. But for us, these living memories are symbols of nourishment, resilience, and prosper- ity. What does the future hold for these place -based stories? Only time will tell, but our hope is that these legacies are carried forward "in community" whether that be in Winslow, the state of Arizona, in the Southwest, amongst Route 66 enthusiasts, or within the broader Chinese American, Chinese born American, and Asian American communities. The voices and experiences of those remembered should be centered. Even if the buildings don't survive, making sure these stories are still interpreted in the landscape will matter, to cultivate belonging and a reverence for those who came before us. Page 34 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Sam Woo Grocery Store as seen in 2016. And so ends my preservation origin story. One defined by witnessing the leftover prosperity from building economic fortitude from the ground up, at the expense of running multiple businesses simultaneously and working more than twelve hours a day, nearly every day for sixty years. Route 66 built our family, which adapted after the route to downtown Winslow was bypassed by Interstate 40 lhello Main Street move- ment. And championing more inclusive and equitable practices in preservation might inspire other versions of my young- er self — to know that yes, your history matters. Yes, everyone deserves to feel a sense of belonging. And yes, there's an Zentire field of passionate and empathetic o a professionals dedicated to helping you tell your story, cultivating a place -based a sense of belonging, and economically a £ investing in our shared past to preserve our communities' built legacies for future generations. History may not slap you in the face when you see buildings like these, but I can assure you there's a limitless number of hidden stories from other immigrant entrepreneurs like my family's: hidden in plain sight, and such a fine sight to see. IIIIII Alexa Roberts (Ph.D., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 1992) has been involved with the Sand Creek Massacre site since 1998 when a National Park Service team was tasked with locating the massacre site and determining its significance for inclu- sion in the national park system. Roberts collaborated with the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, The Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma, carrying out tribally specific projects to document oral histories passed down through generations of massacre victims' descendants. Following Congress's authorization in 2000 to establish the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, Roberts was appointed its first superintendent. She continued working closely with Cheyenne and Arapaho descendants and representatives in the development and management of the site until her retirement in 2018. Roberts is a found- ing board member of the Sand Creek Massacre Foundation, the national historic site's official nonprofit partner in support of its educational mission. IIIIIIIIIII��� IIII IIIIIII I R lluuuuuuuuu ull �uuullU � �u�uu uuuunn i ICI uuuuuuu ��������I ���N IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII III�he Sa�nd C��red�lk 0�m A�n �Massac��re �I no i IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. d` By Alexa Roberts, Ph.D. On the nearlyiconic spring morning of April 28, creek that defined the boundary of the tribes' own 2007, the United States officially established and treaty lands in Colorado Territory. Appalled, he tells dedicated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic the Major, "... it was hard to see little children on their Site.' With hundreds of people gathered to witness the long-awaited event, speakers recalled the morn- ing, exactly 143 years and six months earlier, when hundreds of people were also gathered on this site and witnessed another event: the slaughter of nearly 230 Cheyenne and Arapaho people, mostly women, children and the elderly, at the hands of the United States Army. Horrific descriptions of the carnage emerged soon afterwards through eyewitness accounts and testimo- nies. Perhaps none is more often cited than a letter from Captain Silas Soule to Major Edward Wynkoop He describes in graphic detail the atrocities that took place on November 29, 1864, on the banks of the knees have their brains beat out by men professing to be civilized... You would think it impossible for white men to butcher and mutilate human beings as they did there." Beyond the irregular military premise and actions lead- ing to and during the unprovoked attack, the extreme barbarity of the murders and desecration of the dead ultimately led to official condemnation of the massa- cre, but no consequences or accountability for those responsible. The bodies of the victims were left where they were killed, along with the remnants of the village that had been pillaged, burned and destroyed. Though much has been written about the Sand Creek Page 36 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Massacre, until recently its infamy as the bloodiest atrocity in Colorado's history and one of the most egregious incidents in the history of the nation had been barely acknowledged or publicly memorialized. Perhaps even less recognized have been the inter - generational effects of the slaughter on the Cheyenne and Arapaho people to this very day. While the massacre site was finally preserved and memorialized as a national historic site, what that designation does not entirely reflect is that the site and its expansive landscape is more than a historic place; it is a sacred and inseparable element of Cheyenne and Arapaho culture and identity today. I ke Sciind (.'creek Mcmsacarrn IINalioinal If fistoirlic Sule For nearly 15 years, Cheyenne and Arapaho descen- dants and spiritual leaders, working with historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, areal photographers, metal detector operators, landowners and National Park Service representatives, participated in extensive background research, ceremonies, and fieldwork to identify with certainty the location of the Sand Creek Massacre site in what is now southeastern Colorado. These exhaustive efforts ultimately led to the establish- ment of the national historic site in Kiowa County, Colorado lsee Kelman, and NPS for thorough discus- sions of the site location studies and legislative history"') In arriving at the national historic site desig- nation, based on the detailed conclusions of the site location efforts, Congress recognized the significance of roughly 12,500 acres and authorized their i nclusion within the national historic site boundaries on a willing seller basis. Nearly half that acreage has been acquired and com- prises the national historic site as of today. It includes many of the physical elements of the massacre site — the winter village of about 750 Cheyenne and Arapaho people, areas where the horse herds were kept, the routes of military attack and the routes along which unsuspecting villagers fled, places where they took cover, defended one another, and where they were killed. It also includes the spiritual landscape on which generation upon generation of prayers have been offered, where ceremonies have taken place, Sand Creek Massacre NHS entrance sign. where spirits remain and ancestors have been re- turned, and where plants, animals, water sources and landforms sacred to those ceremonies and ways of life reside. While all these elements are included within what is now the national historic site, those boundaries cannot begin to contain the extent and cultural mean- ing of the landscape related to Sand Creek and the Cheyenne and Arapaho homeland on the Colorado plains. Tke II IinBuingullr,)lle (Essence of Plloce The intangible essence that is inextricably embedded in the Sand Creek Massacre landscape is expressed in the first of the national historic site's twelve "interpre- tive themes" (the themes which guide public educa- tional programing), all of which were guided and developed by Cheyenne and Arapaho descendant representatives, "To the Cheyenne and Arapaho people, particularly Deer at Sand Creek Massacre Site. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 37 those who are descended from victims and survivors, the site of the Sand Creek Massacre has profound sa- cred and spiritual significance. The blood of those lost here in 1864 has become part of the living landscape and their spirits remain here, as much a part of the landscape as the plants and animals. Every year Chey- enne and Arapaho honor the spirits of those who were killed in 1864 and call upon the spirits for healing, not only for their own people, but for all those who visit this sacred ground. The statement is reflected in the cultural knowledge of descendants who have shared oral historical accounts of the massacre passed down through previous genera- tions, or from personal experiences while visiting the massacre site. Documentation of tribal cultural knowl- edge was an integral component of the 1999-2000 multidisciplinary site location project designed to conclu- sively locate features of the Sand Creek Massacre site, required for the national historic site designation process to move forward. An oral history project conducted collaboratively among representatives of the Northern Arapaho Tribe (Wyoming), Northern Cheyenne Tribe (Montana), Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (Oklahoma) and the National Park Service documented the oral histories and cultural knowledge of 32 Sand Creek Massacre descendants, specifically focusing on the massacre site landscape.' Elements of these stories illustrate the sacred and spiri- tual significance referred to in the tribal representatives' primary "interpretive theme." In the recorded accounts, several descendants talked about experiences with a spiritual presence and/or hearing voices of women, children, horses or other animals while being on the site. Accounts also referred to the presence and be- havior of certain sacred animals, birds and plants with specific cultural meaning. One individual talked about a white light that came up and diminished during the attack and another person described a dome of light that is present over the site today: "When soldiers attacked Sand Creek there was a bright light that came up and as they were attacked it diminished. There is something to that."' "You can feel it but you can't see it. I don't know how to explain it. When you close your eyes, it's not a black background. It's an illuminated background, like a little rise over the earth, like it has a halo or a little dome over the it. Sometimes I can't explain it. There's just people there that should have gone on .... "V'' "Cheyennes have an extra sense where they can feel or see spirits or areas where spirits are present. Some- times they see their ancestors, in daylight or night, - they have this extra gift that was given to them by the Almighty...." Describing hearing the voices of women and children, the same man stated, "...that's what we heard and we saw lots of signs. Animals have meaning. Eagles, antelope, deer, and we saw a badger. Badger- is the keeper of the spiritual beings below the earth, and we use badger in our ceremonies. It represents Cheyenne Earth." [Or another occasion] "....we looked up and saw this great big eagle circling around real low. It was a golden eagle. It climbed straight up till we couldn't see it anymore. Things like that are a good sign.""' In addition to these experiences, perhaps most emphatically described among the accounts is the necessity and power of ceremonies conducted and prayers offered while present on the Sand Creek Mas- sacre landscape. It was through adherence to these ceremonial protocols, according to those who hold the knowledge, that the efforts to define the massacre site location in 1999-2000 and eventually dedicate it as a national historic site in 2007 were success- ful. As explained in the tribally written text for History Colorado's highly acclaimed exhibit "The Sand Creek Sand Creek at sunset. Page 38 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Massacre: The Betrayal That Changed the Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever': "Cheyenne and Arapaho people have always known where the Sand Creek Massacre happened. Stories passed down in our two Tribes for generations told us that it took place in the bend along Big Sandy Creek in Southeastern Colorado...." "When we started working to make the massacre site part of the National Park Service in the early 1990s, it was important that everyone agreed we were des- ignating the correct piece of land. A team of Tribal elders, anthropologists, geologists, historians, and archaeologists worked together to gather evidence from many different sources." "Though they did not always agree, eventually, using a combination of Tribal knowledge and modern tech- nology like metal detecting, the team uncovered the physical evidence of the massacre buried in the soft, sandy soil."'x Tribal knowledge continues to be essential for the care of the land, the spirits of the ancestors who are still present, and continued healing today. It is one of the two inseparable facets of stewardship of the Sand Creek Massacre site, especially within the context of the national park system. I.hie 1Fw(:) Illnsepara:dle II::a veils of Slewa:iircfship Even before the national historic site had become a reality, the U.S. Congress recognized that the cultural values inherent in the land were an integral element of what the National Park Service would be respon- sible for protecting and interpreting to the public. In its legislation leading to the national historic site's establishment, Congress found that "...the site of the Sand Creek Massacre is of great significance to descendants of the victims of the massacre and their respective tribes, for the commemoration of ancestors at the site..."x Based on this and other findings, Congress directed the Secretary of Interior (through the National Park Service) to protect and preserve not only physical re- Tipis at San Creek Massacre NHS during a special event. mains of the massacre and topographic features of the landscape upon which it occurred, but also the natural and cultural landscape values associated with it.x' The National Park Service is required to convey these val- ues for the public's understanding and appreciation and importantly, to consult with the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes about the most appropriate ways to carry out these responsibilities. A robust tribal consultation pro- gram thus guides the National Park Service in meeting its physical stewardship responsibilities through an informed understanding of the Cheyenne and Arapaho cultural values attached to the lands and resources within its boundaries. But only through the tribal descen- dants' spiritual stewardship can the intangible cultural attachments present in every element of the landscape be preserved and protected. These two essential facets of stewardship - physical and spiritual - are reflected throughout the national historic site's guiding planning and policy documents and in its decisions about how lands and resources are managed. Foremost among these guiding documents is the General Management Plan, developed collabora- tively between the four tribes and the NPS, beginning with identification of the national historic site's "Funda- mental Resources and Values."x" (See sidebar for the list.) These fundamental resources and values clearly illustrate the interconnectedness of tangible and intangible ele- ments that make up the wholistic physical and spiritual landscape. The management approaches to these land- scape elements also illustrate the two essential facets of stewardship - physical and spiritual - necessary for Y a 'a c 0 a Z 0 r v 0 0 a The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 39 informed decision -making. For example, in defining the management zones for the national historic site, based on identified fundamental resources and values, the "preferred alternative" for site management "...placed the greatest emphasis [of all the alternatives] on resourc- es preservation by placing sensitive or at -risk resources in a sensitive resource zone." This zone, which includes the sensitive natural and cultural resources and values within the Sand Creek bed and riparian area, outside of public use areas. a Among the sensitive resources within this zone are stands of cottonwood trees that have grown along the creek since the 1864 massacre. In a 2006 study of the age classes of the various cottonwood stands, University of Colorado researchers worked alongside Arapaho and Cheyenne representatives to draw tree ring cores from a sampling of trees, which also have strong cultural significance to tribal descendants.,', Working together, university and tribal representatives were able to ensure proper technical and cultural methods for the coring process. The project resulted in the identification of several cottonwoods that may have been saplings during the 1864 period and therefore have exceptionally sensi- tive historical and cultural meaning as possible wit- nesses to the massacre. In addition to their continued physical presence on the landscape after 160 years, their significance comes from their "connectedness to the spiritual qualities of that location."�v With this informed understanding of the tangible and intangible significance of the cottonwoods, national historic site managers and tribal representatives together are able to ensure the appropriate approaches to the trees' stewardship and preservation as both natural and cultural resources. Beyond project, site or resource specific approaches to stewardship, Cheyenne and Arapaho descendants extend spiritual stewardship related to the Sand Creek Massacre on a much broader scale. In the text for the History Colorado exhibit "The Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal That Changed the Cheyenne and Arapa- ho People Forever," descendants explain the purposes of the Sand Creek Massacre Spiritual Healing Run: White rainbow at Sand Creek Massacre Site. "The Sand Creek Massacre left behind lasting scars of generational trauma. The Cheyenne and Arapaho people still feel the sting of our betrayal by the US government and recall the horrifying inhumanity of the soldiers that butchered our ancestors. But the continuing grief of Sand Creek does not define us. Today we are working to educate, commemorate and heal." "In 1999, some of the descendants of the survivors created the Sand Creek Massacre Spiritual Healing Run. The yearly 173-mile relay goes from the massacre site to the State Capitol in Denver, and many Cheyenne and Arapaho youth have made the journey. For our young people, it is both a memorial for the victims and a chance to raise awareness and heal through positive and active commemoration."xv' just as the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site commemorates far more than an infamous day in history, the interconnectedness of physical and spiritual stewardship is not only about historic preservation, but about cultural preservation. Honoring the intangible essence of such sacred places is essential to both facets of their preservation, for generations past, present and especially those yet to come. �:'�kY ow� edE.�eiiii 1e11"" l-s It is imperative to acknowledge that the perspectives presented here are those of a non -Native, former fed- eral land manager. In no way do I claim to represent the voices, perspectives or cultural knowledge held by Cheyenne and Arapaho descendants. I am, however, indebted to the support and assistance of Mr. Conrad Page 40 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Fisher, Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek descendant, former Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Tribal elected official and member of the Sand Creek Massacre Foundation Board of Directors. His guidance extends far beyond his review and improvements of this article to his mentorship and friendship over many years. This article is written with respect and acknowledgement of the 230 Cheyenne and Arapaho people who sacrificed their lives at Sand Creek on November 29, 1984, and the generations of descendants who carry on their legacy to this dayJ11111111 'The Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site is located in rural Kiowo County, on the southeastern plains of Colorado_ It was officially established on April 28, 2007 Details of its location and story can be found at https_// nps.gov/sand.The site commemorates the victims and survivors of the 1864 massacre of 230 non-combatant Cheyenne and Arapaho men, women, children and elderly by the U.S. Army. It also represents the resilience, integrity and cultural vitality of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people historically and today. For perspectives written by Cheyenne and Arapaho descendants, see "The Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal That Changed the Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever, Exhibition Catalogue, History Colorado, 2022.' "Letter from Captain Silas Soule to Major Edward Wynkoop, December 14, 1864 "'Kalmar, Ari A Misplaced Massacre: Struggling Over the Memory of Sand Creek, 2013. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. "Sand Creek Massacre Project, Volume 1 : Site Location Study, 2000. National Park Service, Intermountain Region, Denver. "'Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, Long Range Interpretive Plan, Updated 2020 "Sand Creek Massacre Project, Volume 1 : Site Location Study, Chapter 5, 2000. National Park Service, Intermountain Region, Denver. v'Lymon Weasel Bear, Ibid: p. 191 v"Robert Toahty, Ibid:, p. 219 ""Chief Laird Cometsevah, bid:, p. 225, 231 'O'The Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal That Changed the Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever, Exhibition Catalogue, History Colorado, 2022: in. 44. 'PL. 109-46s, Sec. 21a)i4) "Ibid: Sec.51b) "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Colorado Draft General Management Plan /Environmental Assessment, 2015 p. 17 x""Ibid: P. 89. "vLukas, Jeff and Connie Woodhouse, 2006. "Riparian Forest Age Structure and Post Hydroclimatic Variability —Sand Creek Massacre NHS and Bent's Old Fort NHS Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. University of Colorado — Boulder. "Conrad Fisher, Northern Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre descendant and former Sand Creek Massacre Foundation Board of Directors member, personal communication, 2024. '"The Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal That Changed the Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever, Exhibition Catalogue, History Colorado, 2022 p.44. topographic features of the ethnographic landscape such as the bluffs, the creek bottom; ephemeral ponds; gently rolling prairie grasslands; extensive viewsheds to the north, east, and south * artifacts and other physical remains the natural and cultural resource values associated with the site including cultural and natural resources encompassed within the 2001 National Register of Historic Places boundary, and culturally significant plant and animal species * Big Sandy Creek * the post -massacre camp of Chivington's command * manuscripts and maps oral histories / how discourse about the event is conducted because of its sacred nature period trees and large downed cottonwood logs repatriation site intangible spiritual qualities of the landscape (sense of place) remains of individuals still in the ground and those that have been repatriated from museums memorialization and commemoration activities such as Spiritual healing runs and places that have been blessed or where ceremonies occur/have occurred These fundamental resources and values clearly illustrate the interconnectedness of tangible and intangible elements that make up the wholistic physical and spiritual landscape. The management approaches to these landscape elements also illustrate the two essential facets of stewardship — physical and spiritual — necessary for informed decision - making. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 1 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 41 Paula Mohr is Principal of Bentonsport Preservation, LLC and is based in Iowa. Paula is the immediate past chair of NAPC and continues to serve as a board member. This is a regular series highlighting websites that may be useful to the historic preservation community. Let us know if you have a website that could be helpful to others. 1111'�ii o uu ouuuuI Ir'')emm p uuuuumu IIIII IIIIIIII II uuuuuuu I � III By Paula Mohr A visual glossary of historic and contemporary materials used for streets and sidewalks. While the text for each material varies in length and depth (this is an ongoing research project), users can learn that wood block pave- ment was patented in 1854 and survives in Chicago and Minneapolis. Cobblestone was commonly used in east coast cities and appeared in the eighteenth century. Concrete, now ubiquitous, was introduced in the 18705 in Washington, DC. For users wanting to dig deeper, Williams provides a list of secondary and primary sources including municipal maps and reports, civil engineering and professional journals, and trade manuals. Aa„cress: The material is organized into tabs. The cities tab docu- ments extant paving material in more than 10 large and medium size cities. The street and sidewalk tabs illustrate the materials commonly used for paving including wood block, iron slag, concrete, brick Belgian block, and other examples. Finally, the features tab illustrates those small signs, advertisements, and accessories set into sidewalks that are even rarer survivals than the paving itself. ebsiiiie https://www.historicpavement.com/ IIIIIIIIIl Hexago a m 0 Minnesota. a 3 m 0 a d Embedded file signage in Roanoke, Virginia. Prismatic glass in Pasadena, California. Page 42 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions It's Possible"' for historic homes to resist extreme weather. As the world's top hurricane chaser, Josh Morgerman knows what it takes to weather a storm. When he built his home in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, he chose Hardie® fiber cement siding products to achieve the district's historical wood -look and help protect his home from the storms that frequent the Mississippi Gulf coast. Only Hardie® products are Engineered for Climate® to stand up to weather extremes, fire, pests and more, ensuring you get the best performance for your region's unique climate. I:Ili:1111�jInE ' jScan to learn more about Josh's story 'ts„ ry I:i!!:14 y" , Siding Trim I Soffit (S JamesHardje jameshardie.com © 2024 James Hardie Building Products Inc. All Rights Reserved. TM, SM, and ® denote trademarks or registered trademarks of James Hardie Technology Limited. A02413 04/24 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 43 In 2022, the National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) listed the Chicano/a/x Murals of Colorado on their 1 1 Most Endangered Places List. The announce- ment by NTHP raised awareness of an effort that had been ongoing for over a decade. The Chicano/a/x Murals of Colorado Project (CMCP) is a grassroots effort to protect, promote, and preserve this critically important part of Colorado's visual heritage. The exact number of these murals is uncertain, but over 40 historic Chicano/a community murals have been documented across Colora- do, the Great Plains, the Southern Rocky Mountains, and the Colorado Plateau. In September 2024, The Alliance Review committee chair, Rebecca Goodwin, interviewed Lucha Martinez de Luna, the founder of CMCP, to learn more. What the threat to Chicano/a/Xs, and how did CMCP begin? When NTHP announced their 2022 11 Most Endan- gered List, Lucha Martinez de Luna had already worked for over a decade to catalog and raise awareness of Chicano artwork in Colorado. An archaeologist and the daughter of famed Chicano muralist Emanuel Martinez, she was born and raised in Colorado and had strong connections with this world of Chicano visual storytelling. She considers herself fortunate to have grown up around art and muralism because of her father, and she saw the Arte Mestiza by Emanuel Martinez, 1985. muralists as her uncles and aunts. Her inspiration was the murals and led her to learn more about what was here before her current memories. She earned a B.A. in anthropology from the Univer- sity of Colorado and an M.A. in archaeology from Brigham Young University. Her master's thesis at BYU analyzed the mural tradition of the Yucatan Peninsula and Chichen Itza to describe the growth of merchant activity in the region and its influence in establishing this site as one of the major centers of long-distance trade by the Terminal Classic period (AD 750-1050). Working in the American southwest, central and southern Mexico, Lucha would return to Colorado and realized that development was moving so quickly she was forgetting what had been there before. She knew murals were significant from her work in Mesoamerica because they provided insight into how cultures visual- ized their spiritual and natural worlds. Yet, in the United States, murals were often seen as just "paint on the wall." She thought "Wow, can you imagine telling the country of Mexico, or Italy, or Greece that their murals are just paint on the wall?" Yet, these murals were not considered relevant to the history of Colorado. Unfortunately, from the very beginning, these murals have consistently been threatened by gentrification, displacement, and devaluing of significance. Today, Chicano/a/x community murals across Colorado are threatened in various ways. In rapidly gentrifying neighborhoods in communities such as Denver, a lack of legal protections can put murals at considerable risk of destruction and erasure. Colorado's harsh climate is also a threat, as it can deteriorate exterior murals. With muralists of the Chicano movement aging or passing away, there is limited time to restore murals under the Page 44 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Arte Mestizo, was recently restored at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. This restoration, a culmination of years of advocacy by Emanuel Martinez and later CMCP was made possible by the museum's new director and an NEA grant awarded last year. This restoration marks a significant step in preserving our cultural heritage. guidance of the original artists, and some have already been lost or painted over. Lucha started the project to catalog and preserve Chica- no murals very much on her own around 2010. Denver had really started their first steps in extreme displacement and gentrification in historically marginalized communi- ties surrounding downtown Denver. For many decades, those were the most "undesirable" neighborhoods to live in, and then they became very desirable. As the value of the properties went up it was time to displace those who had called those places home. They were not only erasing the people but what represented the people - the murals that, to the Chicano community, were an integral part of the landscape. She initially asked to scan artist files and began record- ing oral histories with artists. Around 2016-17, she was invited to speak about the murals of Colorado at a symposium on muralism at the Denver Art Museum. She was then approached by scholars interested in collabo- rating with her. This collaboration was the beginning of The Chicano/a/x Mural Project of Colorado, which Lucha co-founded in 2019 and serves as the Director. CMCP is under the umbrella of the Emanuel Project, co-founded in 2012 by Lucha's father Emanuel Marti- nez. Emanuel Martinez had started muralism when he was in a juvenile detention center at the age of 13. The Emanuel Project works with juvenile detention centers to develop murals. About fifty murals have been painted at detention centers around the country. These murals are examples of visual storytelling and a continuation of Chicano muralism. The efforts to preserve the murals also coincided with the Black Lives Matters movement, which she feels helped push the initiative along. Until then, it was extremely hard to get support, but following the events of 2020, people started demonstrating real interest. What ist e significance of the Chicano communityyour es in the broader preservafion communityunder- stand? i intangible ritage and Visual s i In an article titled "Shroud, Destruction, and Neglect," published online by History Colorado in January 2022, Lucha tied Denver's murals to Mesoamerican murals, explaining "Chicano/a/x muralists in the late 1960s emulated the Mesoamerican tradition of storytelling and imagery and began to paint murals describing their customs, beliefs, and traditions on the walls of public buildings in historically marginalized neighbor- hoods of Denver." Chicano/a/x community murals throughout Colorado illuminate an often untold, overlooked, or erased history in cities where Hispanos, Chicanos, and Mexican Americans were essential to development. The na- tionwide Chicano/a/x Movement of the 1960s and 70s integrated political activism with cultural educa- tion in arts, specifically murals, to reflect Chicano/a/x histories, bring art into neighborhoods, inspire pride in heritage, and strengthen communities in response to systemic racism, prejudice, and violence. Muralists often depicted significant elements of the Southwest and Southern Colorado history, including Spanish coloniza- tion of the Americas, annexation of the Southwest from Mexico in 1848, and continued contemporary issues of extreme discrimination, land loss, and forced migration. The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 45 Sierras Y Calores by Carlos Sandoval, 1986. What efforts are you and CMCP undertakingrise awareness and preservationis / s? What challenges, and successes, has CMCP had? In 2021, Denver City Councilmemberjamie Torres and the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation partnered with CMCP to help pay for a protective coating jcalled MuralShield) to be applied to some of the murals, as well as installing plaques bearing details about the murals. Torres's district covers much of west Denver, where a cultural heritage district recognizing Chicano history in the La Alma Lin- coln Park neighborhood was proposed. On August 2, 2021, the Denver City Council designated the La Alma Lincoln Park Historic Cultural District, recognizing the historic and cultural significance of the neighborhood in Denver's Chicano movement. The city has launched its own effort to catalog places and landmarks connected to Chicano and Latino history, but Martinez de Luna said more can and should be done. In April 2023, CMCP finally got the first Chicano mural on the National Register. Martinez de Luna says filling out the nomination was an interesting experience. The process highlighted issues between these universal values of preservation versus local values. Preservation standards and processes often are not readily adapt- able to marginalized and underrepresented communi- ties. The reality is, it is not a priority," Martinez de Luna said about these works. "A lot of preservation projects, they work inside a box. Marginalized communities do not fit in that box. Community murals do not fit in that box. The needed changes in attitudes and approaches are slow and very frustrating. In all these communi- ties, we tend to have the issue that the historians in the community are our elders, and they reach a point in their lives when they realize that our history will not be archived. They begin to start collecting these stories and archives." To raise awareness of the significance of these murals, she dedicates most of her time to giving tours, giving presentations, and speaking at schools. During the May " 2022 historic preservation month, she presented on the 0 Advisory Council for Historic Preservations' IACHPI Pres- 0 ervation Perspectives podcast about preserving murals and the Chicano/a/x Mural Project of Colorado. During the summer of 2024, Martinez de Luna was one of the presenters at on online seminar presented by the California Preservation Foundation titled "Protecting Visual Storytelling: Strategies for Mural Documentation and Preservation." Progress is being made toward recognizing the sig- nificance of Chicano/a/x murals and appropriate preservation/restoration. Some cities and statewide preservation organizations have developed specific mural ordinances and/or educational programs. Los Angelas has a Citywide Mural Project and passed an ordinance that creates a mural registration process for vintage, original and new murals, along with other provisions. One of the earliest efforts is associated with San Diego's Chicano Park, a 7.4 acre community park established in 1970 and designated a National Historic Landmark in December 2016. Many of the murals in Chicano Park have been restored over time, with 18 completed in August 2012 using funds from the State of California. Martinez de Luna is clear, though; there is a lot more that needs to be done. more?Want to learn www.chiccnomuralsofcolorado.com vwwv.emanuelmartinez.com "Lucha Martinez de Luna is on a mission to preserve Denver's Chicano/a art work." www.denverite.com, May 28, 2021. Martinez, de Luna, Lucha: "Shroud, Destruction, and Neglect". www.historycolorado.org,January 24, 2022. Balboa Art Conservation Center, www.bacc.org/ preserving-chicanaox ort.html California Preservation Foundation, vwvw.californiapreser- vation/org Page 46 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 i National Alliance of Preservation Commissions CALIFORNIA Leadership Montgomery is celebrating its 40th year of The San Francisco Department of Building Inspection announced a series of new building code guidelines clarifying adaptive reuse code provisions and exceptions for converting office -to -residential buildings. Developed in response to the Commercial to Residential Adaptive Reuse program established in July 2023, the guidelines aim to increase the viability of converting underutilized office buildings into housing by reducing regulatory barriers in specific zoning districts downtown. The new guidelines reduce adaptive reuse building code provisions related to building envelope, exterior walls and openings, means of egress, ventilation, lighting, unit size, earthquake safety, and accessibility. "There are many buildings that may benefit from these adaptive reuse guidelines," said Department of Building Inspection Director Patrick O'Riordan. "The important thing is that we find ways to help developers convert these older office buildings without sacrificing residential safety requirements. These guidelines strike just the right balance and should add more certainty to the design and review processes." The Department of Building Inspection collaborated with the San Francisco Fire Department, San Francisco Planning Department, the Mayor's Office of Economic and Workforce Development, and various community partners. An Office -to -Residential Task Force was established that included eleven experts from the fields of architecture, engineering, fire protection, building codes, historic preservation and real estate development, to better understand the economic roadblocks. hops://www.bdcnetwork.com/sa n-fra ncisco-u nveil s- guideli nes-stream l i ne-office-residentia I -conversions NEW JERSEY City attorneys are researching claims that a lack of "opt The developer of a 27-story high-rise proposed for the Military Park Historic District in Newark, has received initial city approval on designs for the site of what was long ago Tipsy's Bar & Lounge. The developer has proposed building 235 apartments with retail and restaurant space on the ground. It is across the street from Military Park. Key in the architectural design is an inclined lattice, architect Ciaran Kelly, of MVMK, told the Landmarks and Historic Preservation Commission on Oct. 2. The design, he said, ties into the buildings on the rest of the block and even though the existing one-story building would be torn down, its faSades would be preserved on the new structure. The lattice of the upper floors would stop one floor above the ground - level brick faSade, Kelly said. "The goal here is the preservation of that front," along with construction of the "additional building," Jennifer Carrillo -Perez, attorney for the applicant, said. https://v^vw.tapinto.net/towns/rnontclair/sedions/essex- cou nty-news/articles/proposed-27-story-tower-would-bl end- nevwh i storic-i n-downtown-newark-12 NEW YORK Residents of Greenport's historic Sandy Beach waterfront community, on the western edge of Youngs Point, want the Village Board to designate the former scallop shucking enclave as a historic district. Recently the Greenport Historic Preservation Commission voted to recommend that the village board make the designation. Some of the scallop shacks go back over 150 years. Local historian Robert Harper said Sandy Beach deserves historic designation and may be the only intact example of a little kind of enclave that has these wonderful little shacks. According to research documents, "By 1873 commercial scalloping was local, and scallop shops began to appear. Along Beach [Street], former scallop shops were located on this site, but around 1886 local residents turned the area into a summer resort, and the former shacks were cleaned out and converted into bungalows." https:Hsuffolktimes.timesreview com/2024/10/owners-of- greenports-19th-century-shacks-seek-h istorio-designation/ UTAH Salt Lake City's planning commission has been at risk of suspending its ability to meet and review applications given it dipping below the required number of members. Current city code stipulates that "The Planning Commission shall consist of at least nine (9) up to a maximum of eleven (1 1) voting members." The historic landmarks commission, meanwhile, is required to have at least seven members, with both boards limited to 11. At times those levels of participation have been difficult to meet, given members' resignations, term expirations, and likely lack of anticipation by planning administrators in charge of keeping the boards staffed up. According to a city council staff report, "Planning staff initially recommended eliminating the minimum number of members for both commissions, though state statute requires no less than two members. Both the historic landmark and planning commission members felt two members was too few and voted to forward a five -member minimum recommendation to city council." In addition, the administration's appeals officer is currently limited to two consecutive five-year terms. The changes propose lifting those term limits. City council's staff report noted, "The proposal would remove this term limit and allow officers to continue serving if the mayor and city council are in support." https:Hbuildingsaitiake.com/city-about-to-lower-quorum- req u i reme nts-for-p la n n i ng-a nd-historic -I a nd marks - commissions/ VERMONT Bennington's Historic Preservation Commission recently led a walking tour of historic Pleasant Street. The street is a remarkable example of the preserved history of Bennington's industrial past along the Walloomsac River. The tour included the homes of three Norton Potters owners and the sites of the former Norton Potters and Valentine mills, the Valentine and Olin Scott homes, and St. Peter's Episcopal Church. Thomas Scheetz, MAUHS 2024 graduate and salutatorian, researched the history of Pleasant Street as part of his summer project for SPARK (Sparking Public Service the Summer Before Harvard) through Harvard University. Thomas's research has helped to inform the contents of the walking tour. The Historic Preservation Commission is also using his research to work towards a Pleasant Street nomination for the National Register of Historic Places. The Historic Preservation Commission members also collaborated with a local housing developer who has renovated a number of historic properties on Pleasant Street to create new housing units. htips://www.benningtonbanner.com/community-news/ tour-of-h i storic-pleasant-street-offered-by-h istorio• preservation-committee/article_1 dc91 a8e-84b4-11 of-aa3c- 3f5072f52e7d.html WEST VIRGINIA The Ravenswood Historic Landmarks Commission recently hosted a Historic Golf Cart Tour, that featured nine historic landmarks around the Ravenswood area, with seven of them offering an expert presentation about the history and significance of each site. Sites included George Washington's Camp Spot, Ferry Landing, St. Dennis Mills, Victoria Inn, Train Depot, Fitzhugh - Fleming Home, Grace Episcopal Church, and Priddy Hospital. The event was designed to be suitable for all ages and mobility levels, as they are completely on golf carts. No walking or driving to the sites is necessary. The ride was free and open to the public. https://wwwwtop.com/2024/10/11 /ride -through - raven swoods-h i story-with-h istorio-golf-ca rt-tour/ 0 ERI u) ARCHITECTURAL J WINDOWS + DOORS 5:1 WWW.01 IVFRIM11 WORKS.COM 3001 TUXEDO AVE WEST PALM BEACH, FL 334051561.-478-7233 Page 48 The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions The Alliance Review 1 2024, No.3 I National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Page 49 The Alliance Review PRESORTED National Alliance of Preservation Commissions First Class PO Box 1011 MAIL Virginia Beach, VA 23451 US Postage Paid JOIN Name Commission/Organization NAPC Address TODAY city State zip Phone/Fax E-mail How did you hear about NAPC? 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