HomeMy WebLinkAbout03.16.23 Public Art Committee Agenda
Public Art Committee Meeting Agenda
March 16, 2023, | 3:00 p.m. | In-person and Remote Meeting
nd
The meeting will be held in Council Chambers on the 2 floor of the Historic City Hall.
The entrance is the first door on Madison Street, which opens to the elevator.
Join virtually via computer or tablet at http://joinwebinar.com enter the 9-digit Webinar ID
729-067-131
Join by phone in listen-only mode: (360) 390-5064 ext. 6 access code: 496-365-513#
Submit public comment emails to be included in the meeting record to:
publiccomment@cityofpt.us
I. Call to Order
II. Roll Call
III. Approval of Agenda
IV. Approval of Minutes February 16, 2023
V. Public Comment (3 minutes per person)
VI. Committee Business
A. Review Capital Project
B. Discuss public interaction with PAC
C. Review Letter for City Council
VII. Correspondence
VIII. Set Agenda for Next Meeting
IX. Next Scheduled Meeting April 20,2023
X. Adjourn
Dan Groussman second. Motion
this meeting, reference material and submit drafts by end of
month. Chair Rapaport second the motion. Motion passed.
Arrabito, Cosmo Rapaport, Dan Groussman, Kathie
atch
-
Dan Groussman second the
Alexis Arrabito moved to approve the
his 3Member Arrabito read her draft of the letter to Council.
revise the agenda to
2
Arrabito motioned to approve
3:0
letter. Chair Rapaport second the motion. Motion carries
Committee member Dan Groussman motioned to have
add a part “D” into subcommittee business to deal with
er Dan Grossman motioned to read
Chair Rappaport to reach out to absent members to w
at
order
Dan
Groussman second the motion. Motion carried
Member
to
meeting
public interaction for the committee.
Chair Cosmo Rapaport motioned to
Motions/Recommendation/Action
the
Member
called
Member
Committee member Alexis
,2023
motion. Motion carried.
Kathie Meyer
Rapaport
agenda as modified.
unanimously.
Committee member
Comments
February 16
amended minutes.
Committee memb
Mickle
unanimously.
Cosmo
No public
Dan Groussman,
Lonnie
Public Art Committee minutes for
carried
Meyer
Alexis
Chair
p.m.
Legal Assistant
.
1
equested to work with maintenance to create future cleaning
Remote
Committee member Dan Groussman gave a report for the
Rapaport,
Sculptures. Will send list of instruction for cleaning and
and
Greenwood,
Chambers
Arrabito, Cosmo
19, 2023
Heidi
Council
January
Attorney
Alexis Review City Council Letter
City
al of Minutes for
and maintenance repairs.
at
City
:
person MEMBERS PRESENT
Members:
Agenda
F Street Sculpture
Comment
PRESENT
:
-
In
Board Liaison
Order
Approval of
LOCATION:
Community
Call
Call to
Public
Approv
STAFF
Topic
Roll
r
ublic interaction with PAC, review
Items was postponed for next meeting.
submissions for city council letter.
Capital Project, P
p.m.
3:00
at
2022
p.m.
,
1
February 16, 2023
5:0
The meeting was adjourned at
meeting.
Thursday,
Set agenda for next
Capital Project
Meeting:
Adjourn:
Next
Draft October 17, 2022
City of Port Townsend
Capital Facilities Plan
2023-2028
Report Date: _______
Adopted: ____________
1
Draft October 17, 2022
TableofContents
Contents
Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................................2
Schedule........................................................................................................................................................3
Prelude..........................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................4
Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................5
Level of Service Standards............................................................................................................................6
Financial Constraints (Revenue Sources)......................................................................................................7
Current Revenue Sources.........................................................................................................................9
Future Revenue Sources.........................................................................................................................11
Existing Debt Summary...........................................................................................................................11
City Capital Plan Summary..........................................................................................................................13
Facilities (Buildings).....................................................................................................................................13
Buildings..................................................................................................................................................13
City owned property...............................................................................................................................24
Art...........................................................................................................................................................25
Parks and Recreation..................................................................................................................................30
Utilities........................................................................................................................................................35
Waste Collection Services.......................................................................................................................35
Olympic Gravity Water System...............................................................................................................35
Water......................................................................................................................................................38
Wastewater.............................................................................................................................................39
Stormwater.............................................................................................................................................44
Transportation............................................................................................................................................46
Streets Maintenance...............................................................................................................................46
Pavement Rehabilitation and Preservation............................................................................................47
Street Improvements..............................................................................................................................48
Fleet (Equipment Repair and Replacement)...............................................................................................49
Information Technology..............................................................................................................................52
Housing, Economic Development, and the Environment...........................................................................54
Impact Fees.................................................................................................................................................58
2
Draft October 17, 2022
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................59
Appendices..................................................................................................................................................59
Appendix A: 2023 Capital Project Budget Sheets..................................................................................59
Appendix B: Six Year Transportation Improvement Program.................................................................59
Schedule
Start Drafting July 1.
Draft done by October
Parks Board/ I &D/Planning Commission - October
City Council Workshop-October
Public Hearingand City Council AdoptionNov./Dec.
3
Draft October 17, 2022
Prelude
Historically, the Cityhas adopted a capital improvement plan in order to comply with the Growth
Management Act. The capital improvement plans have been adopted coinciding with the budget
process and typically included funded projects scheduled over a 6-year period.
This capital facilities plan accomplishes the same purpose but takesa more expansive and longer-term
look at infrastructure needs for the city. This plan alsoprovides a high-level narrative associated with
each type of infrastructure need based on how infrastructure is funded and categorized according to the
requirements established by statelaw and city codes.
The objective of this revised format is to build on the plan year to year inan effort tocreate a
continuum of infrastructure developmentwhile clearly representing long term needs to the public in an
abbreviated form. This first year draft may include place holdersand there will beareas for
improvement through successive years as adaptation is needed and as new information becomes
available.
Introduction
The quality, availability and affordability of infrastructure is fundamental to the health, wellbeing,
success and sustainability of our community. With limits to fundingbased on therelatively small scale
of our tax base, we need to make strategic and, at times, difficult decisions about infrastructure
investment priorities. We do thisin the best overall interest of our entire community over the long
term.
The City ofPort Townsend has a number of infrastructureneedsasidentified in various focused city
plans. Capital planning is the term used to identify the timing ofinfrastructure investment. Capital
planning for the replacement anddevelopment of new public infrastructure is acore governmental
purpose of theCity in providing for public health, safety, and welfare. The overall purpose of this plan is
to consolidate all infrastructure planning into a concise document to illustrate the overall infrastructure
needs and aspirations forthe community. This plan is intended to be used bystaff, policy makers,and
the publictodevelop effective and efficient $34million in funded infrastructure and $144in unfunded
need.
Another primary purpose of this plan is to comply with the stateGrowth Management Act(GMA).
The Growth Management Act, RCW 36.70a.600(3), requires a fully planning City to adopt a
Capital Facilities Plan Element that consists of: (a) An inventory of existing capital facilities
owned by public entities, showing the locations and capacities of the capital facilities; (b) a
forecast of the future needs for such capital facilities; (c) the proposed locations and capacities of
expanded or new capital facilities; (d) at least a six-year plan that will finance such capital
facilities within projected funding capacities and clearly identifies sources of public money for
4
Draft October 17, 2022
such purposes; and (e) a requirement to reassess the land use element if probable funding falls
short of meeting existing needs and to ensure that the land use element, capital facilities plan
element, and financing plan within the capital facilities plan element are coordinated and
consistent. Park and recreation facilities shall be included in the capital facilities plan element.
This capital facilities plan draws upon other city planning documents included by reference and included
Examples of these plans include but are not limited to the Water
System Plan, Six Year Transportation Improvement Plan, Rainier Subarea Plan,Non-motorized plan,
Parks Recreation and Open Space Plan, and many more availab
https://cityofpt.us/citycouncil/page/city-plans. These plans are where inventories and further detail can
be found concerningexisting city infrastructure. Periodically, the City updates the Comprehensive Plan
to address land use elements and other state requirements. In summary, capital facilities planning is a
component of the Comprehensive Plan and serves as a tool for a community to strategically address
existing and future conditions of thecommunity while planning forgrowth as required by the State.
The final purpose of this plan is to facilitate procurementof grants. Often, granting agencies will not
allow for the application of funding unless projectsare specifically identified in an adopted plan of the
City. Some projects included in the Capital Facilities plan do not have a home in other adopted plans,
but are community priorities and may be emerging issues. These projects are included in this plan to
the extent that information isavailable.
Definitions
Capital
Capital Facilities Plan
Comprehensive Facilities Assessment
Comprehensive Plan
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Allwest urban?
Functional Plan
Rate Study
Level of Service
To be filled in as the plan wraps updepending on text.
5
Draft October 17, 2022
LevelofServiceStandards
A local government cannot determine what it will need in the future for public facilities and services
without knowing what levels of service (LOS) it must meet.To serve new growth and development, the
GrowthManagement Act (GMA) requires thatcertain facilities and services be provided concurrent with
expected newdevelopment using population projectionsfor the 20-year planning period or ultimate
build-out under thegrowth patterns established by the Land Use Element(Chapter 8, Policy 1.2). The
City's Comprehensive Plan requires, in the case of transportation improvements, a financial
commitment to provide them within six years.
Facilities that are subject to concurrency in the City are transportation, water, wastewater, and
stormwater. The Capital Facilities Financing Plan in GMA requires a municipality toreassess the land use
element if probable funding falls short of meeting existing needs.The Capital Facilities Plan is not merely
a wish list, and should accountfor meeting critical maintenance and planning for the density allowed for
in the Comprehensive Plan.
of Service standards that must be met for these facilities
per Chapter 8 Goals 3 and 4 are as follows.
Ubcmf!9.2
Xbufs!boe!Xbtufxbufs!Mfwfm!pg!Tfswjdf!Tuboebset
GbdjmjuzTuboebse
Sbx!Xbufs!TvqqmzTvggjdjfou!dbqbdjuz!up!gvmmz!tfswf!dvtupnfs!efnboet
Sbx!Xbufs!TupsbhfB!Njojnvn!pg!71!ebzt!pg!tupsbhf!gps!Djuzdvtupnfs!efnboet
Xbufs!TztufnB!gmpx!wpmvnf!uibu!nffut!qfbl!efnboe!boe!gjsf!gmpxt/
B!mfwfm!uibu!bmmpxt!dpmmfdujpo!boe!usfbunfou!pg!qfbl!xbtufxbufs!
Xbtufxbufs!Tztufn
gmpxt!boe!nffut!Efqu/!pg!Fdpmphz!dsjufsjb
Ubcmf!9.3
Usbotqpsubujpo!Mfwfm!pg!Tfswjdf!Tuboebset
Spbe!UzqfTuboebse
Vscbo!DpssjepsE
Puifs!Spbet!x0jo!Vscbo!Hspxui!Bsfb!)VHB*E
6
Draft October 17, 2022
B!mfwfm!pg!dpowfzbodf-!efufoujpo-!boe!usfbunfou!uibu!nffut!uif!Efqbsunfou!
Tupsnxbufs!boe!
pg!Fdpmphz!)EPF*!Tupsnxbufs!Nbovbm!bepqufe!cz!uif!Djuz!ps!bt!efgjofe!jo!
Tvsgbdf!Xbufs
These standards should then be applied to additional population and employment growth anticipated.
Themost recent Port Townsend Comprehensive Plan updated in 2016projected the 20-year population
projection tobe 12,165 by the year 2036. The 2020 US Census counted 10,148 people and the 2021 WA
Office of Financial Management estimates 2021 population at10,220. The 2016 update projected a
need of 55 acres over20 years to support the high wage jobs projected. The Rainier Street and Upper
Sims Way Corridor is intended to provide this need with approximately 82.5 acres of fully served, shovel-
ready industrial acreage.
Each development must meet the aforementionedlevelof service standards prior to issuance of a
building permit; however, it may demonstrate meeting the standards for transportation facilities within
six years issuance of a building permit (Chapter 8, Policy 4.1). The City may condition development
permits to provide for appropriate facilities, services, and utilities not subjectto concurrency such as
EMS, parks, law enforcement, and schools (Chapter 8 Policy 4.2). A development that cannot meet the
minimum concurrency requirements can mitigate impacts onlevels of service, revise to reduce impacts,
or phase the development coincident with theavailability of services (Chapter 8, Policy 4.3). All
development must pay its proportionate share ofthe cost of new capital facilities and utilities needed to
serve that development.
Under the Growth ManagementAct and Chapter 8 Goals 6 ofmprehensive Plan, the Capital
Facilher public facility providers.
Other public facility providers include but are not limited to Jefferson CountyTransit, East Jefferson Fire
and Rescue, Port of Port Townsend, Jefferson Health Care, Jefferson County PUD, the Port Townsend
School District, and Jefferson County. The City engages in partnerships with these other providers in an
effort to coordinate the procurement of limited resources.
FinancialConstraints(RevenueSources)
Most if not all governmental agencies experience financial needs for infrastructure that exceed the
available resources. This reality is a reiteration of the primarypurposeof the plan. As such, the plan is
organized by funded projects and unfunded projects. Funded projects means that the City either has a
revenuestream in place to accomplish the project, or has dedicated funds from a specified funding
source. These funding sources are often in the form of grants, loans, or use of reserves for one-time
investments.
Financial constraints means that projects are either funded or can reasonably funded. For the purposes
ofthis plan, financially constrained projects are included in the funded portions of the plan. As the plan
7
Draft October 17, 2022
develops over time, the objective is to hone financially constrained projects into the first 6 years of the
plan.
prehensive plan Chapter 8 provides the following goal:
Gvoejoh!'!Gjobodjbm!Gfbtjcjmjuz
Qspwjef!offefe!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!xjuijo!uif!Djuz(t!gjobodjbm!dbqbcjmjujft!ps!xjuijo!uif!Djuz(t!
Hpbm!6;!
bvuipsjuz!up!sfrvjsf!puifst!up!qspwjef!tvdi!gbdjmjujft/
Qpmjdz!6/2;!!!!Cbtf!dbqjubm!gbdjmjujft!qmboojoh!po!ftujnbuft!pg!mpdbm!sfwfovft!boe!fyufsobm!
sfwfovft!uibubsf!sfbtpobcmz!boujdjqbufe!up!cf!sfdfjwfe!cz!uif!Djuz/
6/2/2;!!!!Dpotjefs!b!xjef!wbsjfuz!pg!qpufoujbmgvoejoh!tpvsdft!up!gjobodf!uif!dbqjubm!
jnqspwfnfout!tqfdjgjfe!jo!uif!Dbqjubm!Gbdjmjujft!Qmbo-!tvdi!bt!sfbm!ftubuf!fydjtf!uby-!vtfs!gfft-!
hfofsbm!pcmjhbujpo!cpoet-boe!jnqbdu!gfft/
6/2/3;!!!!Nbudi!sfwfovf!tpvsdft!up!dbqjubm!qspkfdut!po!uif!cbtjt!pg!tpvoe!gjtdbm!qpmjdjft/!Tpvoe!
gjtdbm!qpmjdjft!jodmvef!dptu.fggfdujwfoftt-!qsvefou!bttfu!boe!mjbcjmjuz!nbobhfnfou-!fotvsjoh!uibu!
uif!mfohui!pg!gjobodjoh!epft!opu!fydffe!vtfpg!uif!Djuz(t!cpsspxjoh!dbqbdjuz-!qsvefou!vtf!pg!uif!
Djuz(t!cpsspxjoh!dbqbdjuz-!boe!nbyjnj{joh!uif!vtf!pg!hsbout!boe!puifs!fyufsobm!sfwfovft/
Qpmjdz!6/3;!!!Gjobodf!uif!tjy.zfbs!Dbqjubm!Jnqspwfnfout!Qsphsbn!up!bttvsf!b!qptjujwf!cbmbodf!
cfuxffo!bwbjmbcmf!sfwfovf!boe!offefe!dbqjubm!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft/!Jg!qspkfdufe!gvoejoh!jt!
jobefrvbuf!up!gjobodf!offefe!dbqjubm!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft!cbtfe!po!bepqufe!mfwfm!pg!tfswjdf!
tuboebset!boe!gpsfdbtufe!hspxui-nblf!bekvtunfout!up!pof!ps!npsf!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
b/!!!!Mfwfm!pg!tfswjdf!tuboebse<
c/!!!!Mboe!Vtf!Fmfnfou<!boe0ps
d/!!!!Tpvsdft!pg!sfwfovf/
Qpmjdz!6/4;!!!!Fotvsf!befrvbuf!gvoejoh!jt!bwbjmbcmf!gps!mpoh.ufsn!pqfsbujpot!boe!nbjoufobodf!
dptut!qsjps!up!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!ofx!dbqjubm!gbdjmjujft/
Qpmjdz6/5;!!!!Fotvsf!uibu!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!qbzt!b!qspqpsujpobuf!tibsf!pg!uif!dptu!pg!ofx!dbqjubm!
gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft!offefe!up!tfswf!uibu!efwfmpqnfou/
Qpmjdz!6/6;!!!!Fotvsf!uibu!efwfmpqfst!qspwjef!dbqjubm!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft!dpodvssfou!xjui!ofx!
efwfmpqnfou!ps!qspwjef!b!dpousbduvbm!bhsffnfou!gps!uif!qibtjoh!pg!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft-!
tvckfdu!up!bqqspwbm!cz!uif!Djuz/
8
Draft October 17, 2022
CurrentRevenue Sources
Current revenue sources for infrastructure include the following sources. These sources are listed from
top to bottomfrom least restrictive tomost restrictive as required by laws and city code.
General Fund, There are four categories of fund balance: restricted, committed, assigned, and
Fund Balance.unassigned.
Restricted Amounts reserved to specific purposes by their providers (such as
grantors, bondholders and enabling legislation);
Committed Amounts reserved to specific purposes by a governmentitself,
using its highest level of decision-making authority;
Assigned Amounts a government proposes to use for a specific purpose; intent
can be expressed by the governing body or by an official or body to which the
governing body delegates the authority; and
Unassigned Amounts that are available for any governmental purpose; these
amounts are reported only in the general fund.
Limited Tax Backed by general fund revenues, the City Council can issue debt for
General Obligation infrastructure. The amount of Debt is limited by law and practicality. As
Bonds: discussed above, debt takes away from operating funds and other capital funds
and thus use of debt is a strategic choice.
Banked Capacity:In February 2019, residents approved adding Port Townsend to East Jefferson
Fire & Rescue (EJFR) fire district. EJFR now collects the dedicated Fire and EMS
levies from City property taxpayers directly. In addition to the dedicated levies,
the City was funding fire service through the general property tax levy. The City
no longer makes payments from the general fund for fire protection. The City
agreed to suspend the collection of an equivalent amount of property taxes it
would have paid EJFR from the general levy a reduction of the City levy or a
policy adopted by City Council spelled out an approach that allows increased
levies of the bankedcapacity over the course of four years. For the first three
years, funding is restricted to four main uses consistent with existing plans: local
the City decided not to levy any of the possible $303,000 banked capacity given
the dire COVID situation and its related impacts. In 2021, the City levied
$605,000 in banked capacity for use in 2022. More about that process and
corresponding documents can be found on the 2021 Banked Capacitypage in
Completed Initiatives
stays atthat level after that; the restricted use requirement sunsets in 2023.
Real Estate Excise State law restricts REET 1 and REET 2, or the first and second quarter percent
Tax (REET)(.25%) of REET funds to the following uses: Planning, acquisition, construction,
re-construction, repair, replacement, rehabilitation or improvement of: streets,
roads, highways, sidewalks, street and road lighting systems, traffic signals,
bridges, domestic water system and storm and sanitary sewer systems.
Planning, construction, reconstruction, repair, rehabilitation or improvement of
park and recreation facilities. State law allows REET 1, or the first quarter
9
Draft October 17, 2022
percent (.25%) to also be used for: Acquisition of parks and recreation facilities.
Planning, acquisition, construction, reconstruction, repair, replacement,
rehabilitation or improvement of: law enforcement or fire protection facilities,
trails, libraries and administrative and judicial facilities.
Revenue BondsRevenue bonds are debt that is secured by dedicated revenue. Utilities often
use revenue bonds to pay for infrastructure backed by utility rates. Another
form of secured revenue are voted bonds in which the tax payer votes to
accomplish a certain project and taxes are raised to pay for the public project.
Motor Vehicle Fuel In addition to Street Fund operations and maintenance this can be used for
Tax(MVFT)construction and improvement projects. The City has very limited amounts of
MVFT and currently it is all dedicated to operations. The majority of the street
operations is funded through general taxation resources and thus impacts the
general fund.
Multimodal Funds:These funds are restricted to transportation purposes.
Sale of Assets: Assets that can be sold generally include real-estate and vehicles. The City owns
considerable real-estate that is not currently dedicated to a specific use. The
real-estate is owned by the utilities and the general fund. If there is a sale of
real-estate, the proceeds must be used by the fund that owns the property. For
example, proceeds from the sale of property owned by the water utility, cannot
be used for general fund purposes. A number of properties have been declared
surplus by the City Councilin the last 15 years for the purpose of housing. These
properties have not yet been sold.
Grants: Grants are very specific to the purpose of the granting agency. Grants are an
infrastructure is
funded. In particular, grants fund street projects on a periodic basis with an
average of over $1 million per year. Other grants for parks, historic properties,
energy, utilities, climate, hazard mitigation, and housing are also available to the
City.
Housing Tax:RCW 82.14.530 and 540 allow a city and county to impose a sales and use tax up
to 0.1% for housing and related services through HB 1406 and 1590. The 148
and 149 funds are authorized by RCW 36.22.178 and 179, which allow counties
to collect shares of revenue from document recording to fund affordable
housing and homeless housing programs. The CIty and County have a joint
Interlocal Agreement on administration of these funds authorized. The City
collects funds from HB 1406 and provides them to the county for deposit in the
148 Fund for budgeting and allocation subject to the interlocal agreement.
System Also known as SDCs, these charges for new utility connections help fund system
Development expansion for growth.
Charges for
Utilities:
Utility Rates: Utilities are enterprise funds that are specific independent business units within
the City. Utilities are required to set rates for services that ensure payment for
operations and capital to address system needs. This business model is set forth
to ensure essential public services such as water, sewer, and stormwater are
addressed.
10
Draft October 17, 2022
Future Revenue Sources
Future revenue opportunities are available to theCity to address capital needs. Below are a few of the
more common revenue sources used by cities across the State. As the City looks toward financial
sustainability, additional revenue sources may be recognized and brought forward for consideration.
Transportation Benefit District: Councilmanic car tabs or votedsales tax for streets.
Levy Lid lift: Voted property tax increase for specific purposes.
Sales tax: Several sales tax options are available for various purpose which are typically
voted.
B&OTax Increase: Councilmanic authority to set B&O tax rates.
MetropolitanParks District: Voted opportunity for funding of parks through a property tax
levy.
Tax Increment FinancingDistricts: Councilmanic authority to establish up to two districtsin
which increases in tax revenue is used to fund infrastructure.
Impact fees for transportation, parks,fire protection, and schools are permitted by State
law. Impact fees are currently not inplace in Port Townsend.
Cultural Access Program(1% for the Arts): voted opportunity for sales tax to fund non-profit
cultural organizations. The City has voted in limited of general municipal projects that are
subject to this tax which could beexpanded to include other capital projects to increase
revenues.
Development Services Fees: both PW and PSD related
Fines & Fees: Councilmanic authority to implement or increase parking fees & others
Existing Debt Summary
The City currently has significant debt in terms of revenue bonds, LTGO bonds,andvoted bonds. Debt
has a significant impact on the ability to pay for capital and debt services takes away from recurring
revenues. Staff recommends developing a debt strategy for the future to consider when debt is
appropriateThe following considerations
should be considered in the development of a debt policy:
General Obligation vs. Revenue debt
Principle, payoff date, andrevenue sources
Term of debt should notexceedthelifespan of asset. Ie 20-year bond for 15-
year roof.
Debt term should generally not exceed 20 years
Evaluation of opportunity cost for issuing debt. What is this interest rate
differential and how does it compare to projected inflation.
11
Draft October 17, 2022
Should general obligation debt be limited to a specific percentage of revenues.
NonVoted General Obligation Debt Outstanding
LTGO 2017A (2008 Refi) NonTaxable Bond 9,155,000 9,155,000 9,155,000 9,155,000 9,155,000
LTGO 2017B (2008 Refi) Taxable Bond 1,060,000 1,060,000 1,060,000 1,060,000 1,060,000
LTGO 2020 (Refi 2010 LTGO) 4,273,350 4,073,350 3,868,350 3,658,350 3,356,900
LTGO Refi 2012 (PORTOWGORE12) 3,165,000 2,680,000 2,175,000 1,660,000 1,135,000
LTGO 2018 Homeward Bound Debt Svc 834,000 834,000 834,000 808,104 781,069
NonVoted GO Debt Outstanding 18,487,350 17,802,350 17,092,350 16,341,454 15,487,969
Voted General Obligation Debt Outstanding
LTGO Refi 2015 (PORTOWUTGO15) 3,205,000 3,020,000 2,835,000 2,640,000 2,440,000
Voted GO Debt Outstanding 3,205,000 3,020,000 2,835,000 2,640,000 2,440,000
Total General Obligation Debt Outstanding 21,692,350 20,822,350 19,927,350 18,981,454 17,927,969
Revenue Debt Outstanding (excluded from General Purpose Debt limits)
Amount Outstanding at End of Year
201820192020 2021 2022
ActualActualActualForecastBudget
SRF 2002: DOE Wastewater Conveyance System Impr. 337,212 291,098 244,376 196,950 148,811
PWTF 2002: Morgan Hill Wtr System Impr. 333,510 266,808 200,106 133,404 66,702
PWTF 2012 City Lake Loan 736,842 684,211 631,579 578,947 526,316
DWSRF 2012: LT2 Water Treatment Facility 2,917,945 2,782,025 2,627,468 2,472,911 2,318,354
DWSRF 2012: LT2 Water Treatment Facility 1,566,900 1,454,978 1,343,057 1,231,135 1,119,214
PWTF 2013: LT2 UV Disinfection 3,696,963 3,450,499 3,204,035 2,957,571 2,711,107
PWTF 2013: 5 MG Reservoir Replacement 1,125,937 1,050,875 975,812 900,750 825,687
DWSRF 2015: 5MG Reservior Replacement 4,414,363 4,196,495 3,986,670 3,765,189 3,543,707
DWSRF 2015: Mandated Drinking Water Treatment Facility 3,537,275 3,360,411 3,183,548 3,006,684 2,829,820
Rev Bond 2020: LT2 & Big Quil - - - 1,914,980 1,834,800
CERB 2015: Howard St Corridor Public Infrastructure 1,200,000 1,165,407 1,119,007 1,071,216
18,666,947 18,737,400 17,562,058 18,277,528 16,995,734
12
Draft October 17, 2022
CityCapitalPlanSummary
The following table illustrates the vast needs of the City by category. This table wraps up all the
following sections of the Capital Facilities Plan to providean overall view of the challenges the City faces
in terms of capital needs. This is not an uncommon situation for most cities. Thisfirst-year draftof the
capital facilities planincludes approximate estimates for capital needs as a place holder where
information is missing. Examples include needs for buildings, the future of parks, wastewater, fleet,
housing/economic development/environment, and streets. Thesecategories are currently under
evaluation or are anticipated to be under evaluation in the near future to help provide more refined
estimates. Each section of this plan will identify where data is needed or currently under analysis.
FundedUnfunded
(2023-2028)(2023-2028)
Department2029+
Facilities (Buildings)$ 827,000$ 13,567,000$ 15,060,000
Parks and Recreation$ 302,000$ 18,320,000$ 6,050,000
Water$ 4,001,247$ -$ 2,371,437
OGWS$ 8,254,591$ -$ 51,284,735
Wastewater$ 7,400,000$ 10,605,000$ 8,000,000
Stormwater$ 1,830,000$ 1,000,000$ 4,200,000
Transportation (Streets)$ 6,544,908$ 91,877,000$ 14,000,000
Fleet$ 2,932,407$ 1,170,000$ -
General Fund (Fleet)$ 170,000$ 1,567,000$ -
Information Technology$ 826,500$ -$ -
Housing Economic Development$ 848,000$ 5,390,000$ 1,885,000
Totals$ 33,937,000$ 143,496,000$ 102,852,000
Facilities(Buildings)
This section of the Capital Facilities Plan is dedicated to city buildings, lands, and art. The term facilities
is confusing due to its name duplicated in the overall plan. This section is also applied to facilities which
are under the purview of the General taxation as compared to facilities that are directly tied to the
utilities such as the water treatment facility.
Buildings
City buildings are a major asset of the community. City buildings also carry significant financial liability in
terms of maintenance and upkeep. A facilities assessmentis needed to accurately identify building
needs and estimate time frames for periodic preventative maintenance suchas rehabilitation of roofs,
13
Draft October 17, 2022
HVAC systems, carpets, elevators, weather protection, and other maintenance needs. The larger
maintenance projects are classified as capital investments and thus need to be included in the Capital
Facilities Plan. The following narrative describes each of the City facilities and includes known and
unknown placeholders for significant needs.
The City Hall Annex-Owner: Cityof Port
Townsend, 12,000 square feet renovation
was finished in 2006. Total construction costs
of $4,626,000. It sits at 250 Madison Street
quietly beside the stately 1894 Historical City
Hall in downtown Port Townsend. Their
adjacency is intentional; theAnnex was
designed to seismically support the historic
structure, thus minimizing aesthetically
invasive upgrades to its façade. The Annex
design references the materials and proportions of its Victorian neighbor, includingstrong vertical lines,
tall narrow windows, and precast details. Close collaboration with the PortTownsend Historic
Preservation Committee resulted in a respectful yet modern new Annex anda sensitive rehabilitation of
the historic City Hall that included seismic and technology upgrades
Completed in 2021, upgrades to the front lobby included an administrative counter that consist of three
workstations to properly welcome and directthe public as they enter the building. The counter replaces
an existing conference room that was designed with the new construction. Additional wall construction
was done on the 2 nd floor to enclose several open workspaces making way for new staff members.
During the 2021 season, major rebuilds were done to both boiler units that provide heating totheCity
Hall Annex and Historical City Hallbuildings. In 2022, City staffcompleted acoustical upgrades by adding
noise dampening boards in the front lobby and workstation areas to lessen the reverb and traveling
echoes. As the building was not built with mechanical cooling, staff have been working to find ways to
limit the warming of the building during the summer months. New heat and sun reducing shades were
installed throughout the building along with the existing ventilation fans being converted to
programmable timers to correspond and run with the HVAC unit helping to remove warmer air as it
tends to stackup on the third floor. Alsocompleted in 2022 was the City Hall Space Planning Phase II
nd
study. This study lookedat reconfiguring the 2floor conference admin room with renovations,
acoustic controls,and office furniture on floors 2R and 3. Floor 2R and 3 were never finished with the
annex project in 2006. Now, after COVID and a changing work environment, these updates are needed
more than in the past. Phase IIIalso continues with HVAC updates.
14
Draft October 17, 2022
Historical City Halland Museum-Owner: City of Port Townsend,
the 12,500 SF of building is located at 540 Water Street and is
currently operating as the Jefferson County Museum of Art and
History. The City of Port Townsend carries a 15-year lease
agreement with the Jefferson County Historical Society which is
set to renew for an additional 15-year period on January 1st,
2023. On the first floor you will find many rotating displays of art
and historical artifacts along with the original Fire Hall and Court
Room from 1892. The second floor consistsof City administrative
offices and a working City Council Chambers that continues to
hold public meetings on the first and third Mondays of each
month. Originally the building was built with three floors
until around thelate 1940s the third-floor roof was removed
due to deterioration and deferred maintenance,making it a
two-story building as it sits today. The city hall was listed on
the National Register of Historic Places, administered by the
National Park Service, in1971. Land for the cityhall was
purchased from Henry Landes in1887. Voters in Port
Townsend passed a bond issue to fund a new $30,000 city
hall in 1891. Construction began in 1891 and finished on
02/1892, with space allocated for the city administration
and fire department, aswell as a jail and municipal court.
City council meetings have occurred in a chamber on the
second floor. Architects Batwell and Patrick designed Port Townsend's City Hall, an eclectic building with
some Neo-Classical, Romanesque, and Queen Anne Style motifs.
In 2005, as part of the construction of the new City Hall Annex, contractors replaced the roof with a flat
rubber membrane. Much needed repairs to the exterior brick and mortar on the south facing and
waterward side as it begins to show signs of deterioration.The public elevator has experienced a few
major repairsand needs to be replaced in the next 10 yearsdepending on the outcomes of an
assessment. Most ofthe original single pane windows are beginning to fail as the glass thinks and
frames begin to break. There is no forced air or ventilation system in this building which is a concern for
the displays and the preservation of the artifacts. The need for soundproofing on the first and second
floors is of concern as the original wood flooring and lath and plaster walls do not absorb theacoustics
of the room.
15
Draft October 17, 2022
Mountain View Campus-7.6 Acres. Owner:
Jefferson County School District. Located at
1925 Blaine St, MountainView houses many
nonprofit entities including the Red Cross,
Food Bank, KPTZ, YMCA, the ReCyclery and
New Image clothing. Mountain View is also
home to the City of Port Townsend Police
Department and other administrative
offices. The landparcels, buildings, and
facilities all remain owned by the Port
Townsend School District and are only
leased to the City for management and
operations.
Mountain View Pool and Park exist at the site of a former school, Mountain View Elementary. Mountain
View Pool is an indoor aquatic facility that is now operated by the YMCA and consists of a non-
competitive 20 yard at provides programming andclasses for swim lessons, aquatic
fitness, lap swim, open swim, and special events. Mountain View Park is anchored by a 1-acre fenced
dog park, a playground, open field, and sport courts for basketball and newly resurfaced pickleball court
sponsored by the Port Townsend Pickle Ball Club.
Beginning in August of 2009 the City of Port Townsend entered into a five-year lease agreement with
the Jefferson County School District for the propertyknown as Mountain View Campus. In 2014,the City
expanded the lease agreement with the School District to 15 years with an option for an additional 15-
year renewal. This extension positioned the City to qualify for grants and other funding opportunities to
invest in the buildings and grounds. With this change in place,the City passed a bond in 2015 for $3.6M
and received an additional $414,150 Community Development Block Grant through the State of
Washington for needed infrastructure and deferred maintenance improvements. Also, in 2015 City
officials determined that extensive repairs were needed to the Mountain View Campus. Phase Irepairs
included the complete replacement of two giant propane boilers used to heat the pool and the rest of
the buildingsas well asthe outdated HVAC system needed an overhaul. As well as the roof on the old
elementary school needed replaced. $2.5 million was spent between replacingthe boiler units, HVAC
upgrades and the new roof on just one of the buildings.
The remaining fundsfrom the 2015 bond and CDBG grant were used for the Phase III repairs. The repairs
included construction of an ADA ramp and new accessible doors that serve the pool restrooms and main
entrance to the buildings. Remodeling of Foodbank, Working Image, and Police station offices. Remodel
to include electrical, plumbing, and other interior needs. Phase III also included repainting of the
exterior of the buildings and a new fire alarm system.
On September 1st, 2017, the City of PT and the JCSD entered into 15-year lease agreement expiringon
August 31, 2032. With this agreement it was determined that the sub-lease agreements theCity has
with New Image, Foodbank, and the RedCross would be extended 10 years set to renew in 2029. In
2018, the City accepted a donation for the expressed purpose of creating a fenced dog park and
completed the effort in August 2019. In 2022 the Port Townsend Pickleball Club raised funds to
16
Draft October 17, 2022
resurface the Mountain View public pickleball courts, as well as adding new nets and posts. In addition,
the group is planning on adding a new playable fence to increase the quality of the game.
Pope Marine Building-Owner City of Port
Townsend
More information is needed for this facility.
2022 siding assessment was conductedby
Terrapin Architectsto determine the costs and
repairs for the deteriorating siding on the
waterward side of the building.
Outstanding Repairs: Exterior sidingon the waterward side, interior floorboards, windows, HVAC,
exterior deck boards,and structural bracing underneathis beginning to rot.
Cotton Building-Owner City of Port Townsend
BARTLETT/COTTON BUILDING 607 Water St.
built in 1888 by Charles C. Bartletwas a three-
story, one bay brick building. In 1889, the first
tenant was the Bartlett House, considered as
the focal point of the city. It had a saloon, wine
parlor, clubrooms, cigars, and sporting
newspapers. In 1932,Water Street Garagetook
overand then in 1939 Olympic Pile Driving Company office and later, the Cotton Corporation (George
Cotton) stayeduntil 1974. In 1955, GeorgeCotton removed the top two floors, which needed repair
after a windstormcaused irreparabledamage. The City of Port Townsend Police Department moved to
the sitein 1975 until moving to Mountain View Campus in the early.
The Cotton Buildingrenovation project had its genesis in the planning to relocate the Police Department
awayfrom the Downtown Historic District waterfrontand its associated tsunami and seismic hazards. It
was recognized that the Department hadto continue to operate effectivelyduring an emergency event
that may otherwise destroy the Police operations center and restrict access to/from the restof the City.
The move of the Police Station raised the questionof what to do with the Cotton Building. The historic
character of the building precluded its demolition so a plan for an alternate use was pursued, but it was
clear that the unreinforced masonry buildingneeded structural improvements to make it safe for
continued use.
17
Draft October 17, 2022
In 2010 the building was completely renovated for city, civic and community uses. Theproject was
funded through a 2008 City Council bond, along with funds from the Washington State Military
Department, FEMA and the Department of Ecology.The initial total project cost with construction,
design, overhead and technical support came in at$980K. Once constructionand demolitionbegan in
the fallof 2009 it became apparent that the condition of the building was far worse than anticipated.
Issues developed around therottingfloorboards, crawl space, lead based paint and additional asbestos
werefound in the ceiling, roof, floor and walls.Unknownuntil the time of demolition were four large
underground fuel tanks which were halffull at the time.
Outstanding repairs: Depending on the outcomes of an assessment, the rubber membrane roof will
need to be replacedin the next five years,estimated tocost $75K. Brick and mortar work on the
waterward side.
Golf Course-Owner City of Port Townsend. Leased to Gabriel Tonan in 2021for a three-year contract.
The Port Townsend Municipal Golf Course was developed in 1904 and includes a regulation-length 9-
hole course, driving range,maintenancebuildings, and clubhouse witha commercial kitchen for
restaurant services, and retail sales. The Golf Course, once privately owned and operated, was
converted to a public course in 1927 and first administered by Jefferson County but is now owned and
operated by the City of Port Townsend. The City leases the Golf Course to a local business for
management and operations. When converted to a public course, there were deed restrictions on the
property. There is adeed restriction that the largest parcel will be used for municipal purposesonly.
According to a recent study completed by the National Golf Foundation (NGF) in 2019, the NGF found
that the facility is challenged by its declining physical condition andsomewhat remote location which
limits its potential market support. NGF has estimated that it would cost $935,000 -$1.2M to bring it up
to standard to attract more visitors and become a viable Golf Course. The upgrades would include
18
Draft October 17, 2022
improvements to the irrigation system and pump house($735,000), tree and stump removal, purchase
of appropriate maintenance equipment($120,000), clubhouse repair, and course repair. Based on this
analysis, theCity Council at the time decided not to pursue the recommendationbecause of the cost for
both the capital and operations.
Port Townsend Golf Course has historically used an average of 9 million gallonsper year of treated
drinkingwater from the Big and Little Quilcene Rivers for irrigation. In 2002 Port Townsend applied for a
ground water right water of 150 gallons per minute with a maximum annual withdrawal of 34 acre-feet
to irrigate 35 acres of the city-well was converted to 1
and a pump and controls were installed in 2022. The cost to develop the well was $450,000. The well
will also serve as an emergency water supply if the city's Olympic Gravity Water System is not functional.
Library-Owner Cityof Port Townsend
The historic Carnegie Library building is a jewel in the community. The library is themost frequently and
heavily used City facility. The Port Townsend Public Library was established in 1898 by a group of
"leading community ladies." By 1913 they had acquired the land, secured City funding, and received a
grant from the Carnegie Library Foundation to construct a new building in keeping with Carnegie
architectural design standards of the period. The Port Townsend Carnegie Library served its community
so well that a 4,500 sq. ft. addition was added in 1990 to accommodate the high volume of use that
continues to increase significantly each year. In 2014 a major renovation was completed. Click hereto
view a slideshow of the project.
Read A Source of PT Pride--History of the Port Townsend Carnegie Library by Pam McCollum Clisefor
more in-depthhistory of the library and historic Carnegiebuilding. From the library's website
https://ptpubliclibrary.org/library/page/history-library
This beloved building isin great condition given its age. Nevertheless, several repairs are needed
including replacement of the HVAC system which experiences problems every winter season and the
anticipation of replacement of the elevator. The addition of an AC unit would helpaddress equity issues
for the community during a timeof climate change.The annex part of the building is still waiting for
much needed window replacements. The bathrooms are also waiting to be remodeled. Permits and
19
Draft October 17, 2022
plans fr the windows and bathrooms have been issued and completed and the library is waiting to hear
back about a Department of Commerce Library Capital grant to help with the costs. TheCarnegie
building needsto be included in an overall building assessmentto ensure that preventative maintenance
is not overlookedin order to preserve this beloved community treasure for another one hundred years
into the future.
Project History:
1990-Annex addition. This projectmodernized anddoubled the square footage of the library with a
singlelevel structure attached to the Carnegie building.Major site work created the current parking lots
and sidewalks around the building.The annex currently houses the bulk ofthe library collections(fiction,
nonfiction, A.V. YA, Large Print), circulationand staff workareas and teen-room.
2009-2012 Combined structural retrofit to life safety standard and nonstructural retrofit of shelving
systems. $598,089 total project costs. FEMA funded seismic upgrades to the Carnegie building.New
roofing for the Carnegie buildingin 2013. Carnegie historic window restoration and storm windows.
2012 Pink House interior renovations. Large scale interior work was completed to make the Pink
House downstairs into two public meeting room and presentation spaces. The work includedbathroom
renovations, kitchen renovations, wall and fireplace removal,new carpeting, electrical work, painting,
trim, and furniture complete interior renovations.
2014 Library RenovationsNew carpet throughout building, new paint (interior and exterior
throughout), power/data improvements for public computers and staff work areas, ADA bathroom
improvements,automatic door openers,new signage, new shelving,andlibrary furniture, wall removal
to open circulationand work areas, new built-in countertops and shelving for staff workroom. Fire and
panic alarms installed.Extensive landscaping work.
2014/2015 Pink Houseand Carnegie roompresentation and programming space creation. Work
includednew integrated projectors and podium, screensand speakers, wiring work and data.
2017Historic rock wall fronting Lawrence Street restored. Also,concrete work was completedto fix
Carnegieexterior stairs and handrails. Carried over front the 2014 project list but scaled back from
original plans which would have rebuild the Carnegie stairsinstead of repairing.
2017New Annex roofcompleted, carried over from 2014 project list.
Outstanding Repairs: Elevator replacement, HVAC Unit, Annex windows, public restroom upgrades.
20
Draft October 17, 2022
Charles Pink House-Owner City of Port Townsend
The Charles Pink House is a unique asset for the library. Constructed in 1868 in the Late Greek Revival
style of architecture, it is one of the last remaining houses of its kind in the state. Built by Horace Tucker,
who is known for building many of the oldest houses in Port Townsend, the house was purchased by
Charles Pink in 1874. The house remained in the Pink family for the next 92 years. In the late 1880s the
Pink family expanded the house, rebuilding the porch and adding Victorian bays. Near the turn of 20th
century, the house was once again renovated, with the original pillars and front doors replaced by
substitutes in the style of the Arts and Crafts movement that was popular at the time. These changes
made the Pink House a unique building architecturally in Port Townsend. Because it was difficult to peg
down as an example of a specific style, the house sat neglected for most of the latter half of the 20th
century.
The City of Port Townsend purchased the Pink House in 1981 for the purpose of serving as an expansion
to the adjacent Carnegie Library. Because of difficult economic times, the City lacked the funds to
rebuild the dilapidated structure. In exchange for a complete restoration of the building, the City gave a
long-term lease on the building to Little and Little Construction. After a massive renovation, the building
was leased out until 2003 when the lease expired, the City regained control of the building. It then
served as the administrationhouse for the local fire department. The library took over the house in 2007
and uses it to supplement the Carnegie Library. First floor program and meeting spaces and second floor
offices give the library needed flexibility in offering services to the public.
In 2012 the Pink House underwent another renovation, this time focused on making the first floor
interior spaces better suited for public programming and meetings. The project included interior wall
removal and structure repairs, fireplace removal and chimney repairs, bathroom and kitchen
renovations, new carpet, paint, flexible furniture and technology systems for presentations. 2018/19
saw the restoration of the of the rock retaining wallfronting Lawrence and Harrison Streets. Much care
was taken with this project by reusing the historic rocks from the original wall that fallen over the years.
The Pink House is listed as a secondary building in the Port Townsend National Historic district. A
secondary ranking indicates a building with moderate historical or architectural qualities which have
21
Draft October 17, 2022
maintained good integrity. The Pink House has been a constant reminder toeveryone who travels
Lawrence Street of the origins of Port Townsend.
Currently the exterior of the Pink House is in dire need of repairs. The siding, soffits, roof, porches and
trim all have reached their limits and are fading quickly in our damp climate. The library hopes to secure
funding through grants, donations and City support to continue the legacy of the Pink House for future
generations.
More on the library's website https://ptpubliclibrary.org/library/page/history-charles-pink-house
2014/2015 Pink House and Carnegie room presentation and programming space creation. Work
included new integrated projectors and podium, screens and speakers, wiring work and data.
2022 Pink House new carpet downstairs, and new blackout curtains.
2022-Terrapin Architect completed siding and facia assessment.
Outstanding project: Charles Pink House needsreplacement siding, roof, gutters, facia,and front porch.
Also new exterior paint and roofing.
22
Draft October 17, 2022
Public Works Shops-Owner City of Port Townsend
Located at 1818 Beach Street, this site houses the Public Works Department,Fleet Department, Storm
Water and Admin offices. The MainPublic Works Shop building features anattached open-air canopy,
storage mezzanine, automotive lifts, mechanics shop, and storage area. The City shops was constructed
in an old city gravel pit around 19___. The facilities are aging andin poor condition. Two modular units
serve as office space. The City has explored in the past relocating City Shops to the Water Treatment
Facility located on 20 th Street. Relocation would allow for the property at the current location to be
cleared onsurpluses for housing or another use. No further planshave been developed, other than
when the Water Treatment Facility was constructed, space was set aside for the possibility of relocating
City shops. The nextstep in vetting a plan for relocation would be to doa schematic design process
which would quantify the space needs and provide a rough layout of buildingswhile establishing an
approximate cost estimate and ensuring feasibility.
23
Draft October 17, 2022
City owned property
rtation MapIllustrating CityReal Property Ownership
The City owns a considerable amount of property. Properties
areaddressed in the parks section of this plan. Properties owned by utilities that have improvements on
itare addressed in the respective utilities section of this plan. The remaining properties areincluded in
this plan as an inventory. Because propertyrepresents generally a non-depreciating asset, it is a source
of capital. Properties also carry liabilities of maintenance for weed control, vegetation management,
and camping control. Several city created an inventory of properties suitable for affordable housing as
formalized in Resolutions 09-035, 10-024, and 15-018. A most recent acquisition of property was made
withgrant funding for housingand is included in the housing section of this plan.
Othet are encumbered by critical areas or are isolated
without formal access to utilities and roadways. The following table isan inventory of City properties.
An inventory identifying 157 properties was performed dating back to 1999. A current assessment of
City property ownership identify usable property and those that need to remain in open space would be
of value to assistwith stewardship of the p
24
Draft October 17, 2022
Art
The Arts Commission's mission as anappointed City Commission is to
facilitate public arts programs that enhance the cultural life of
community residents.The Arts Commission promotes andencourages
publicprograms to further the development and public awareness of and
interest in the artsand acts in an advisory capacity to the City
government in connection with the artistic and cultural development of
the City. Members are selected basedon their knowledge and expertise
with respect to the performing, visual and literary arts.
In the PROS Plan the Port Townsend Arts Commission prepared a Public Art Plan adopted by the City
Council in 2019. The plan serves as a guide to sites for their readiness and appropriateness to site art.
Each site evaluated was rated based on: Readiness of location based on
current zoning and development. Viability and appropriateness for public
art. Each site was then rated either as a site ready within the short-term or
long-term oras not recommended. Sites can be re-visited regularly. Of 70
survey sites, the Public Art Plan identifies 26 that are suitable in the short
term. Beyond the site suitability each piece of art will come with its own
set of requirements around infrastructure, safety, maintenance and
security. The sites in the categories were not rankedin the plan. Below is a
list of the sites that immediately overlap with the inventory:
Long-term: City Entrance TrianglePark III at Kearney/Sims Way Short
Term: Chetzemoka Park KahTaiLagoon Nature Park Larry Scott Memorial
Trail and Port Wetlands Mountain View Commons Port Townsend Golf Course Tyler Street Plaza
City of Port Townsend Public Art
TitleArtistLocationYearMaintenance PlanNotesWCIA
schedule
Boundary Sara Mall Taylor 1996Maintenance info provided N
Markers JohaniStreet in email from Dan
for Puget near Groussman on 2/11/22.
Sound Union
Wharf
Chief Dick Golf 1996Made of bronze refer toArtist passed Y
Chetzemok Browncourseinfo for Georgia Gerber away in1998.
a piece.
City Hall David Front 2005Steve Lopes recommends David EisenhourY
railingEisenhoulobby of carnauba paste wax (used will look at railing
r (discs) City Hallin auto waxing) if needed.and let the City
and Steve know if any
Lopes maintenance is
(fabricatirequired (May
on) based 2021).
on
25
Draft October 17, 2022
Russell
Jaqua
design
Courting Tony By the 2014Contacted artist through Agreement for Y
Guillemots AngellNorthweswebsite April 2021; no Commissioned
t response yet.Artworkdated
Maritime May 12, 2014.
CenterInstalled by
Greenstone
Landscaping
(Aragorn Deane).
Galatea& Mark Bottom 1993 No written plan. Emailed both Y
Haller Stevensoof Taylor (original Maintained by City Parks artists June 2021;
Fountain n and Street version Dept.response from
David stairs on 1893)Mark Stevenson provided Mark.
EisenhouWashingtgeneral information on
r (1993 on Streetstatute composition and
version); water valve replacement in
original June 2021.
artist
unknown
Great Blue Matt Taylor 2014City has maintenance plan Clock repaired in Y
BabcockStreet byfrom artist.2021.
Communi
ty Center
Leafwing Russell Larry 2006City has maintenance plan Y
JaquaScott from Willene Jaqua McRae
Trail near and Jim Garrett.
Boat
Haven
For Willene Russell Installed City has maintenance plan Donation Y
Jaqua Informatiin 2019fromWillene Jaqua McRae agreement with
(installed on Center and Jim Garrett.Willene Jaqua
by Jim Plaza on McRae dated
Garrett)Sims WayJanuary 18, 2017
and Installation
contract with
Garrett Metals
dated July 12,
2019.
Milestones Sara Mall Three 2002Maintenance info provided N
: Stream of Johanilocations inemail from Dan
Consciousn on F Groussman on 2/11/22.
ess Street;
one on
Discovery
Quimper Max Childr2002May not meet N
Coho Grovers section criteria for public
of the art in Public Art
libraryPolicy.
26
Draft October 17, 2022
Salish Sea Gerard Pope 2011Youtube video transcribed Agreement for Y
Circle TsutakawMarine by Dan Groussman July Commissioned
aPlaza2021.Artwork dated
2010
Two Cats Georgia Outside 1992General information on N
from Gerberlibrary bronze care provided by
Clinton entrance
Hudson.
Public art not owned by City
Creative Jonah Two 2021N/ACommissioned, N/A
District artTropledowntowowned, and
markersn, two in maintained by
Uptown, Port Townsend
one at Main Street
Fort Program
Worden
Girl with Jim Gateway Installed N/AConsidered a parkN/A
the Wheel Davidson Parkby memorial by City,
Barrow(mass Soroptiminot public art.
producedsts 2006Owned and
)maintained by
the Soroptimists
(License
Agreement
2/26/07).
Heron Russell Haines 1995N/ACommissioned by N/A
weathervaJaquaPlace JTA through Port
nePark & Townsend Arts
RideEducation Center;
Park & Ride
facility designed
by Yvonne Pepin
Wakefield
(according to
Willene McRae)
Richard Fort 1988N/AOwned by WA N/A
Vault Turner WordenState Parks &
(poetry Recreation
by Sam Commission
Hamill)
Totem JamestoNWMC 2019N/AOwned by the N/A
polewn (corner Maritime Center
m of Water
Tribe&
Monroe)
Other City-Owned Art or Installations
27
Draft October 17, 2022
Kah Tai Yvonne Kah Tai 1985N
CommunitPepin & restroom
y Tilescommunis
ty
members
Wave Covered Formerly listed as Y
Viewing deck public art along
Gallery structure with
behind Tidal Clock, which
Cotton was
Buildingdeaccessioned
and removed in
2011/2012.
Theanticipated capital improvementsfor the facilitiessection of this plan are as follows: Many
placeholders are presented in this tableas a facilities assessment is needed tomore accurately define
capital investment amounts and timingfor each building.
28
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028 2029+
Funds2028)
Funded
Library Windows and
Grant, Bond,
Restroom Rehab 352,000
ARPA 352,000
Facilities Strategic
Management Plan ARPA 75,000
75,000
Upgrades Phase III, &
Carpet 1,3 floor ARPA 400,000
400,000
-
827,000 - - - - - 827,000 -
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Mountain View
Mountain View
Gen Fund,
Campus Assessment 30,000
REET 30,000
Campus
Gen Fund,
Redevelopment
Bond, Grant 10,000,00010,000,000
Mountain View Pool
Gen Fund,
Roof Assessment 10,000
REET 10,000
Mountain View Pool
Gen Fund,
Roof Replacement
REET 200,000 200,000
Mountain View Pool
Gen Fund,
Liner Replacement
REET 75,000 75,000
Mountain View Boiler
Gen Fund,
Pipe Replacement
REET 1,000,000 1,000,000
Parking Lot
Gen Fund,
Resurfacing
REET 150,000 150,000
City Hall
-
City Hall Phase
Gen Fund,
Space Upgrades IV
REET 500,000 500,000
City Hall Elevator
Gen Fund,
Replacement (1)
REET 200,000 200,000
Gen Fund,
City Hall Carpet -
REET
Exterior Brick and
Gen Fund,
Mortar Work 75,000
REET 75,000
Gen Fund,
City Hall Roof
REET 250,000 250,000
Library
-
Charles Pink House
Gen Fund
Roof Assessment
-
Siding/Roof/Gutters/
Gen Fund,
Porch Replacement
REET 250,000 250,000 60,000
Library HVAC
Gen Fund,
Upgrades
REET 200,000 200,000
Library Elevator
Gen Fund,
Replacement (1)
REET 200,000 200,000
Pope Marine Buidling
Gen Fund,
Siding
REET 60,000 60,000
Gen Fund,
Public Works Shops
REET
PW City Shop
Gen Fund,
Predesign
REET 250,000 250,000
PW City Shop
Gen Fund,
Maintenance Buildings
REET -15,000,000
Bell Tower
Gen Fund
Repairs/Painting
15,000 15,000
Cotton Building
Cotton Building Roof
Gen Fund,
Assessment
REET 2,000 2,000
Cotton Roof
Gen Fund,
Replacement
REET 75,000
Cotton Sound
Gen Fund,
Control
REET 100,000 100,000
Gen Fund,
Water Barn Repairs
REET 100,000
Gen Fund,
Land
REET
Gen Fund,
Art
REET
Gen Fund,
Energy Retrofits
REET
Subtotal Unfunded 40,000 267,00010,360,000 525,000 650,000 1,900,00013,567,00015,060,000
Total Projects 867,000 267,00010,360,000 525,000 650,000 1,900,00014,394,00015,060,000
Facilities (Buidings)
29
Draft October 17, 2022
ParksandRecreation
30
Draft October 17, 2022
The purpose of a capital facilities plan for parks is to identify priority investments to sustainably
maintain safe and accessible parks throughout theCity. In addition, itallows the City to accommodate
projected population growth in accordance with thegrowth management act (GMA) of Washington
State.
Space Plan (PROSplan) is used as a guide to identify and plan for
these priorities. It is required to be updated every six years. The latest adoption was in March 2020.
The Comprehensive Plan Capital Facilities Element provides a level of service for parks in two parts:
1.7.6 acres/1000 population and
2.Local service standards for equitable access, distribution and function as outlined in the PROS
plan.
A. Provide parks and recreation facilities within a 10-minute walk (approximately a half
mile, 0.5) to ry,
based on the Trust For PParkscore, about 68% of current Port Townsend
residents are within a 10-minute walk of a park. This objective would increase
the percentage of residentswith equitable access over the Comprehensive Plan
period.
B. Ensure parkland within a 10-minute walk meets minimum standards for the park
classification.
C.Prioritize neighborhoods with higher concentrations of families with children or
seniors livingalone.
D. Target filling of gaps in central and western city limits by 2036
From the current identified gaps in the PROS plan, the followingis a list of CFP projects that need to be
prioritized.
1.Land Acquisition, development of parks: central and western Port Townsend.
2.Trail connections, open space connections, trail improvements:
a.Near Fairgrounds 49 th and San Juan Avenue
b.Discovery Road West of Sheridan
c.SR20/Sims Way West of Sheridan
d.Improvements at Lary Scott Trailhead and better wayfinding from ferry.
e.City Watershed Connect to Olympic Discovery Trail
3.Improve amenities within trails
4.Kah Tai Lagoon Rehabilitation
5.Port Townsend Golf Course, Mountainview Commons concept planning and subsequent
development.
6.Master Plan for 35th street park and subsequent development
7.Improvements at Bobby McgarraughPark, including play and fitness,trails, restrooms, ADA,
upgraded
8.Connected trail loop
Projects that provide capacity at existing parks, allowing more people to enjoy Port Townsend Parks
include:
31
Draft October 17, 2022
1.Improvements at Kah Tai Lagoon to increase passive recreation opportunities, improve existing
facilities andconduct habitat restoration.
2.Improvements to picnic shelters, restrooms, and repairs to slope erosion at Chetzemoka Park.
3.Longer-term improvements across the system to improve parks consistent with concept plans or
minimum classificationstandards.
Currently, the City has primarily funded its parks and recreation services through the Community
Services Fund, which includes revenues from property taxes, sales taxes, utility taxes, and transfers from
the GeneralFund. As the Community Services Fund also funds other City services, demand for resources
is competitive and may be constrained in the future. To mitigate the risk of constrained resources on
delivering parks and recreation services, the City is looking for ways to identify and pursue alternative
parks and recreation funding sources.
32
Draft October 17, 2022
The following table provides a list of park capital investments derived from the PROS plan along with
needs identified by staff andplaceholdersfor the parks strategy projects currently underway for the
Golf Course/Mtn View study as well as an aquatics center.
33
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028 2029+
Funds2028)
Funded
Chetzemoka Kitchen ARPA,
100,000
ShelterDonations
100,000
Kah Tai Nature Park
23,500
Redevelopment RCO, REET
23,500 47,000
Golf Course Master
125,000
PlanREET2
125,000
Wellness Center RCO, REET,
30,000
(Pool)Bond,
30,000
278,500 23,500 - - - - 302,000 -
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Wellness Center
RCO, REET,
(Pool)
Bond, 50,00010,000,00010,050,000
Chetzemoka Park
Chetzemoka Master
Gen Fund
Planning
40,000
Erosion and ADA
RCO, REET,
Repairs
Bond, - 500,000
Chetzemoka Open Air
Gen Fund
Shelter Replacement
100,000 100,000
Restroom
Gen Fund
Replacement
250,000 250,000
Maintenance Shop
Gen Fund
Replacement
300,000 300,000
Bobby McGarraugh
Park
Bobby McGarraugh
Gen Fund 25,000
Park Master Plan
25,000
Bobby McGarraugh
RCO, REET,
Park Revitalization
Bond, 400,000 400,000
Golf Course
-
Revisioning and
RCO, REET,
Redevelopment
Bond, 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 6,000,000
Adams Street Park
Irrigation Replacement
-
Bishop Park
-
Bishop Park Master
Gen Fund
Planning
25,000 25,000
Redevelopment/ Sims
RCO, REET,
Way
Bond, 500,000 500,000
Howards End Trail/
Wet Lands
-
Howards End Master
Gen Fund
Planning
25,000 25,000
Howards End
RCO, REET,
Redevelopment
Bond, 200,000
Skate Park
Gen Fund
Resurfacing
- 350,000
Tyler Street Stairs
Gen Fund 20,000
Railing Replacement
20,000
35th Street Park
35th Street Park
Gen Fund 25,000
Master Planning
25,000
35th Street
RCO, REET,
Redevelopment
Bond, 300,000 300,000
Landscape and Tree
Gen Fund 50,000
Removal
50,000
Dog Park
RCO, REET,
Improvements
Bond, 350,000
Land/Park Aquisiton
RCO, REET,
Opportunity Fund
Bond, 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 250,000 5,000,000
Buildable Lands &
Gen Fund 50,000
Open Space Plan
Subtotal Unfunded - 2,260,00010,725,000 3,000,000 50,000 2,675,00018,320,000 6,050,000
Total Projects 278,500 2,283,50010,725,000 3,000,000 50,000 2,675,00018,622,000 6,050,000
Parks
34
Draft October 17, 2022
Utilities
The City utilities of wastewater, water, stormwater, and garbage collection are enterprise activities
within the city structure. Enterprise funds must operating on a cost neutral basis. This means that rates
are set to ensure that costs arecovered. Part of covering costs, includes investment in capital
infrastructure. Typically, utilities are infrastructure intensive suchas with the Water Treatment Facility,
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Compost Facility, and miles of pipe. Typically, theCity adopts periodic
update to utilityplans and follows up with a rate study to ensure that funding meets projected
expenses. The rates are balanced with the needs to operate the system and investin capital. The
Capital investments included in this Capital Facilities Plan is based on the investments included and
funded from adopted rates generatedfrom rate studies.
Waste CollectionServices
The City currently contracts with Olympic Disposal to provide waste collection services. Anew contract
went intoplace in 2020 and expires in 2030. The new contract includes rates thatupgraded equipment
and individual carts. The services include pickup of Trash, Recyclables, and Yard Waste. No specific
capital improvements are included in this plan at this time. However, the City may want to consider the
following topics concerning waste collections.
The City currently leases Big Bellies for downtown at a cost of approximately $25,000 per year.
This lease includes maintenance and capital. Additional Big Bellies may be helpful in controlling
trash overflows as they include a solar operated trash compactor within them.
The end of Tyler Street at the foot of the Tyler Stairs is a problem area for waste collections. PT
Main Street and businesses often complain about the look and congestion of multiple cans. The
most effective solution would be to install a joint use trash compactor. This could be funded by
the City, WasteConnections, and the business owners. Typically they are funded by the
businesses. The cost for a compactor is on the order of $150,000.
The City has numerous garbage receptacles throughout town. These are unique and decorative
and developed by a local foundry. Thesecans will need to be replaced or rehabilitated at some
point. Staff estimates that there is at least 5 years of life remaining.
Jefferson County is currently going through the process of planning for a upgrade to the existing
transfer station on JacobMiller Road or new transfer stationat a different location. The city is a
large user of thisstation and thus, there may be a request for city participation in funding the
transfer station. This could come in a cash contribution or through our contracted rates through
tipping fees.
Olympic Gravity Water System
TheOGWS, supplied by surface water diversions onthe BigQuilcene and Little Quilcene Rivers, is the
sole source of supply for the city of Port Townsend and the Port Townsend Paper Corporation.Thirty
35
Draft October 17, 2022
milesof transmission pipeline deliver raw water to the city and paper millviaLords Lake and City Lake
Reservoirs. The city of Port Townsend and paper mill have had a historical partnership dating back to
1928with the mill being responsible for the operationand maintenance of the water diversion and
transmission system. Negotiations forthe new 20-year water supply agreement in 2021continued the
responsibility for the operation and maintenance of system but established a cost-of service
approach to funding operations and maintenance of the Olympic Gravity Water System as well as
funding capital replacement of aging infrastructure. This arrangement is documented in a Water Supply
Agreement between the City and the Port Townsend Paper Corporation.
The 30-mile transmission pipeline is by far the
largest individual asset in the OGWS system. Life of
the pipeline is approaching its expected end with
approximately 1/3 of the pipeline 94years old and
the remaining pipeline between 50-77years old.
Useful remaining life is a critical need for budgeting
and planning purposes. Acomprehensive pipeline
condition assessmentwill be performedto
determinethe maximum useful life and
replacementschedule.The pipeline also needs
additional cathodicprotection improvements to
reduce corrosion and extend its life.
The water supply agreement establishedraw water
rates for a five-yearperiodbeginning April 1, 2022,
with an annual income estimate of$4.5 million from
the Mill and $450,000 from the cityretail water
system.Cost of raw water is calculated on a per
thousandgallon basis using the rate model. Rates in
the rate model are calculated based on cost of
service analysis over a 20-year period. Costof
service includes a forward projection of operations,
maintenance, and capital costs. The rate model will be updatedevery five years to establish rates for the
following five-yearperiod. The capital spending plan will be updated at the same time as the rate model.
The rate model does not contemplate that the city will issue any OGWS debt in the next 20 years and
that any capital costs will be paid from revenues received by the OGWS fund.In lieu of debt, the city will
fund capital costs using the capital sinking fund approach to build OGWS reservesto an amount
sufficient to fund the capital costs identified in the capital spending plan. The OGWS fund shall maintain
a minimum balance of $2,000,000 to providefor emergency repairs.
36
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
Funded
Pipeline and
Appurtenances
Easement Survey
Raw Water
Marking (2042) 96,882
Rates -
Vegetation clearing -
Raw Water
contracted 79,877 223,728
Rates 79,877
Raw Water
Road maintenance 81,195
Rates -
Culvert replacement (5
Raw Water
culverts per 5 years) 121,294
Rates 29,264 29,264
easement right
Raw Water
purchases (2051)
Rates 249,338 249,338
Air Valves and Boxes
Raw Water
(25)
Rates 146,322 146,322
Pipeline Condition
Raw Water
Assessment 150,000
Rates 399,552 549,552
Raw Water
Cathodic Protection 154,428
Rates 154,428
Replacement (1928)
Raw Water
Phase 1 (High 27,312,803
Rates 800,000 800,000 1,600,000
Replacement (1928)
Raw Water
Phase 2 21,412,839
Rates -
Install Drain Valve at
Raw Water
Woodsman Gulch 8,000
Rates
Reservoirs
Lords Lake Security
Raw Water
Cameras 1,800
Rates 1,800
Lords Lake Seismic Grant, Raw Water
Assessment 159,000
Rates 159,000
Lords Lake East Dam
Grant, Raw
Rehabilitation
Water Rates 200,000 200,000 4,448,177 4,848,177
City Lake Fencing
Raw Water
Replacement (2041) 187,756
Rates -
Lords Lake Fencing
Raw Water
Replacement (2041) 187,756
Rates -
City Lake House and
Raw Water
Outbuildings (2036) 982,182
Rates -
Diversions
Control Valve Building
Raw Water
and Control Gate 125,000
Rates 125,000
House and Buildings
Raw Water
(2036) 678,300
Rates -
Equipment
Tractor and Implement
Raw Water
Replacement 49,000
Rates 49,000
Raw Water
Truck Replacement (3)
Rates 148,000 148,000
Spare Parts
diameter, 1/4" thick,
Raw Water
20' length) 22,962
Rates 22,962
diameter, 1/4" thick,
Raw Water
20' length) 34,454
Rates 57,416 91,870
784,521 656,969 348,000 4,623,763 800,000 1,049,338 8,254,591 51,284,735
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Generator for Big
Quilcene Residence 20,000
20,000
Subtotal Unfunded
804,521 656,969 348,000 4,623,763 800,000 1,049,338 8,254,591 51,284,735
Total Projects
Olympic Gravity Water System
37
Draft October 17, 2022
Water
Periodically, the City adopts a water system plan update outlining the condition of the existing system
and planning for the future consistent with the Citys Comprehensive Plan. In thisplan,a capital
improvement plan is outlined to project for the capital needs of thesystem. The water systemplan can
be viewed on the Citys website at https://cityofpt.us/citycouncil/page/city-plans. Ageneral overview
of the water system is as follows:
Anultrafiltration membrane filtration system withchlorine disinfection treatsraw surfacewater to
drinking standards.After treatment,a5-million gallon reservoir and 1-million gallon standpipe provide
required storagewhile serving different elevations within the service area.The city maintains
approximately 110 miles of distributionpipelinesdelivering water to over 5100 service connections. In
addition,the city maintains over 756fire hydrants and 1800 valvesas part of the distribution system.
The priority for Water Distribution capital improvements during
this planning period will be the replacement of aging
distribution system waterlines. Funding will be significantly less
than what is ultimately needed for pipeline replacement at the
end of anticipated useful life. Focusing mainreplacement
activities on the sections of pipeline in the poorest condition
and on those that are known to have substantialleakage can
maintain the overall distribution system in a good serviceable
condition.
Water utility revenues fully support capital infrastructure and
operations of water treatment and distribution.Monthly base
rates include a fixed operation and maintenance rate and a
capital surcharge based on meter size for waterservice inside City limits. The capital surcharge was
adopted to pay for a new watertreatment facility and 5-million gallon reservoir, which cost more than
$24 million. Water service outside City limits is based on the samefees at a 20 percent higher rate.
Utilityratesvaryonincome level, meter size, and location within oroutside City limits and arebased on
usageper 1,000 gallons.
The city also charges a water system development charge (SDC). The one-time new customer SDC is
ble share of the general water facilities. The SDC is
determined by multiplying the total number ofequivalent residential units (ERUs)for the service(s) to be
installed by SDC. The ERU factors fordetermining the proportional equivalent of various sizes of water
meters. The city may allow deferral ofpayment of SDCsfor a private or publicnonprofit organization
which is developing or constructing low-income single-familyhousing units for low-income individuals or
families.
The financial health of a utility may be judged by employing four financial viability testsincluding
operating cash reserves. Reservesmust be greaterthan one eighth of annual operating expenses.
According to the DOH FinancialViability Manual, operating expenses do not include debt or capital
costs. The rate model shows the citymaintaining a minimum of 60 days ofoperating expenses each year
over the 2019-2028planning period.
38
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
Funded
OGWS Master Water
Meter Installation Rates 175,000
175,000
Pacific & Spruce Rates 70,000
70,000
Replacements &
Rates
Upgrades 100,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
1,000,000 2,000,000
and Corrosion
Protection Rates 140,000
750,000 890,000
Discovery Road Rates 190,000
2023 Ford Ranger
Adding New Vehicle Rates 35,000
35,000
Replacement and
Upgrades Rates
438,247 321,437 321,437 321,437 1,402,560 321,437
Filter Membrane
Replacement Rates
328,687 328,687
Master Water Plan
Update Rates
100,000 100,000 50,000
710,000 850,000 638,247 521,437 850,125 621,437 4,001,247 2,371,437
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Solar Roof at Water
Treatment Fac.Grant
750,000
Subtotal Unfunded - - - 750,000 - - - -
710,000 850,000 638,247 1,271,437 850,125 621,437 4,001,247 2,371,437
Total Projects
Water Distribution and Treatment
Wastewater
The City of Port Townsends wastewater handling involves 3 distinct areas. 1. Collection system,all the
pump stations and pipes that transport sewage to theTreatment Plant. 2. The Wastewater Treatment
Plantwhere the sewage gets treated and made safe to put back into the environment. 3. The
Composting Facility where threewaste streams (bio-solids, septage, and yardwaste) arecombinedto
make an extremely useful and beneficial product that we are able to sellto the public and use in many
areas around the City.
39
Draft October 17, 2022
Our Current WWTP was constructed in the as a tribute to its designers, the people who
built it, and the operators who have kept it going since, the facility has not had to have any major repairs
and except fora new chlorine storage tank, we have not hadto replace any of the major components
that make up the Treatment Plant. It has done an exceptional job ofliving up to its designand potential,
however, it is really starting to show its age.As pointed out in the Jacobs report and will show in the
new sewer plan there are somebig areas of the Plant thatwill need some attention very soon. When a
treatment plant is designed it is designed for a 20-yearlife and we are currently beyond 30.One
pressing areawe need to look at very soon is our
SCADA system,or electroniccommunicationbetween
different pieces of equipment, as you can imagine
there have been a few changes in electronics since
1990 and new parts for our system are notbeing
made so we must look at the used market to get
repairparts for what we have. That market will end
one day. Many of theoriginal pumpsand other
equipment arestill in use today,yet theyoperating
are on borrowed time.
The Composting Facility was constructed at the same time as the WWTP. It was designed as a way for
The City to manage its own bio-solids and beea place for Jefferson County to have a required place to
manage septage that gets pumped. The Compost facility has seen a few upgrades sinceitwas built but it
is also running on the original SCADA system and still has a lot of original equipment that needsto be
looked at getting replaced.
The Wastewater System report history includes:
2000 General Sewer Plan
2009 Southwest Basin Sewer Study
2012 Mill Road Lift Station Study
40
Draft October 17, 2022
2019 Jacobs9/11/2019
An update to the general sewer plan is currentlyunderway. The City hired anengineering firm (RH2
Engineering) to do the work of studying our current condition of thecollection system, treatment
facility, along with theComposting Facility. While thisprocessis underway, the Washington State
Department of Ecologyput issued anGeneral WastewaterNPDES discharge permit on dischargers to the
SalishSea. Work has been added tostudythe plant and figuring out optimization necessary to to meet
this new permitrequirements.Another addition was Jefferson County also wanted to take an in-depth
look at our ability to be able toincrease the amount ofseptage that could be brought to and treated at
the Compost Facilityso, they gave us some additional funds to have RH2 look at that also. With the
additionalwork we added to them RH2 is looking at completing the new sewer plan update by the end
of 2023.This new and updated sewer plan will give a roadmap to work fromfor the next 20 years
including anticipated new capital plan and rates.All of the assessments that the Jacobs report listed will
be done byRH2 as part of their looking into improvements and repairs that need to be done at the
WWTP.
Kuhn St House:
Built in 1901 the Kuhn Street house known as the WastewaterTreatment Plant office buildingwas an
old two-storyhome that has been converted to serve as office space. Major renovations include heat
pump replacementin 2019 and new roof was added in 2020.Outstanding repairs-Exterior decking
needs replaced along with siding is showing signs of rot. Carpet and windows are also showing their
age. The Kuhn St House is separated from the WastewaterTreatment Plant by a right of way. The
right of way cannot be vacated as it accesses a shoreline of the State. The City may want to consider
selling the Kuhn Street House as a source of capital for the sewer system and use the proceeds to
purchase landnearby for future expansions. This question will be evaluatedas part of the General
Sewer Plan update.
Wastewater Collection
The city maintains more than seventy-seven miles of sanitary sewer lines, has 120 manholes, 6 lift
stations, and 3 emergencygenerators.
in the system
and to keep itrunning efficiently as possible. The city is responsible for the sewer main lines and the
business/homeowner are responsible fortheir sewer service line, or side sewer. This runs from the main
41
Draft October 17, 2022
line connection to the residence/business. Annual Maintenance: Each year, the Public Works crews
clean approximately one-quarter of the City's sewer lines. Cleaning begins in the Fall and iscompleted
by the end of November. Some of the lines are cleaned more frequently to keep them functioning
properly. The sewer lines are cleaned with a cleaningnozzle that is propelled from one maintenance
hole to the next using water under high pressure(1,500 to 2,000 PSI). The nozzle is then pulled back to
the starting maintenance hole. As the nozzle is pulled back, water scours the inside of the sewer pipe.
Any debris in the pipe is pulled back with the water. The debris is removed from the maintenance hole
with a vacuum unit. If roots are found, they are cut with a root cutter. The city cleans and root cuts any
problem areas one to two times per year. Citysewer lines requiring a higher level of maintenance are
cleaned annually or semi-annually. Muchofthe aging sewerlines are clay and are in need of replacing
or relining. Sewer pipe retrofits can be done by using in-situ cast in place liners if done before the pipe
collapses. The General Sewer Plan may recommend an annual investment in lining sewerpipes.
Given the General Sewer Plan is under development, this year plan includes placeholders for
investments anticipated and based on information already gathered. Staff anticipates significant
revisions to the Wastewater section of this plan next yearwhen the rate study is completed.
42
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028 2029+
Funds2028)
Funded
New OutfallRates, Loan 100,000
3,400,000 3,500,000
Eng. Report for
WWTP UpgradesRates 140,000
140,000
General Wastewater
(Annual)Rates 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
1,200,000
Maintenance HolesRates 100,000
100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 600,000
Mill Road Lift StationRates, Grant
1,700,000 1,700,000
Discovery RoadRates 93,000
Carry forward for Gen.
Sewer PlanRates 100,000 100,000
Nutrient StudyGrant 160,000 160,000
Additional PickupRates 40,000
-
793,000 5,540,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 7,400,000
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Pipe under Belt press
replaceRates 150,000
150,000
Mill Road Lift StationGrants, LFC 2,500,000
New Influent PS
Coating SystemRates 315,000
315,000
Headworks Plastic
Liner RepairRates 210,000
210,000
Secondary Clarifier
Mechanism RecoatingRates 350,000
350,000
Concrete Launder
CoatingRates 105,000
105,000
Instrument
ReplacementRates 70,000
70,000
PLC ReplacementRates 630,000
630,000
UPS ReplacementRates 14,000
14,000
VFD ReplacementRates 105,000
105,000
Flow Meter
ReplacementRates 14,000
14,000
Arc FlashRates 42,000
42,000
Non-Pot pump rebuildRates 40,000
40,000 80,000
Emergency Generator
for MonroeRates, FEMA
400,000
Slip lining of main linesRates
300,000 300,000 600,000 3,000,000
Placeholder for Grants, Loan,
WWTP UpgradesRates
-
Nutrient System
UpgradesRates
-
Kuhn St. House Siding
and WindowsRates
60,000 60,000
Kuhn St. House DeckRates
10,000 10,000
WWTP expansion land
purchaseRates
1,200,000 1,200,000
Sewer Trunkline Grant, Loan,
extensions placeholderLFC, LID 300,000 300,000 300,000
900,000
Inflow removal (ie Grant, Loan,
Lawrence ST)Rates 750,000
750,000 5,000,000
COMPOST FACILITY
-
Placeholder for
expansionRates, SDC
1,500,000 1,500,000
Placeholder for septic
(Jeff Co.)Jeff. Co., Fees
2,500,000 2,500,000
Placeholder for Mech.
Sys. Repl.Rates
1,000,000 1,000,000
Subtotal Unfunded - 3,935,000 1,620,000 1,600,000 1,350,000 5,000,00010,605,000 8,000,000
Total Projects 793,000 9,475,000 1,920,000 1,900,000 1,650,000 5,300,00018,005,000 8,000,000
Wastewater Treatment and Sewer Collections
43
Draft October 17, 2022
Stormwater
The Citys stormwater system consist of acombination of
stormwatercollection pipes, roadside ditches, rain gardens,
stormwater drainage corridors, and storage facilitiessuch as
Froggy Bottoms and Kah Tai Lagoon. A complete description of
the Citys stormwater system is included in the Stormwater
Management Planadopted in 2019.
The Citysstormwater utility funds maintenance and operations of
the stormwater system and just a small amount of capital. Several investments have been made
recently utilizing economic development loans and grants. The Regional Stormwater Facility completed
in 2021 receives reimbursement funding as development occurs in the Rainier Subarea. The
reimbursements were establishedas mitigation fees by Ordinance 3267. The current rate for 2023 is
$1.26per square foot of impervious area. These rates increase annually by the CPI.
Beginning in 2024, the City will become an NPDES Phase II community
meaning the City will be required to be permitted under the General
Permit for Western Washington. Complying with these permitting
requirements will put additional strain on the stormwater utility. In
2023 a rate study and plan for compliance with the General Permit
will need to be performed in preparation for the first NPDES permit
cycle.
Thefollowing capital investments are basedon estimates in the current rate study. The current rate
study runs out in 2024. Unfunded estimates of future water quality grants are included based on funding
becoming availableassociated with becominganNPDES Phase II community.
44
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
Funded$ -
General Stormwater
Capital (Annual)Rates 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
300,000
Pacific and SpruceRates 20,000
20,000
LawrenceRates 15,000
2023 Banked Capacity
projects storm portionRates 251,970
Discovery RoadRates 250,000
16th Sheridan to
LandesRates
210,000 210,000
Center StreetRates
400,000 400,000
LawrenceRates
850,000 850,000
Basin PlanningRates
50,000 50,000
Capital Plan per Rate
Model to 2039Rates
- 2,200,000
-
586,970 260,000 50,000 100,000 450,000 900,000 1,830,000 2,200,000
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded -
Placeholder for Water
Quality Imp.Grants, Rates
500,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000
-
Subtotal Unfunded - - - 500,000 - 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000
Total Projects 586,970 260,000 50,000 600,000 450,000 1,400,000 2,830,000 4,200,000
Stormwater
45
Draft October 17, 2022
Transportation
The Citys transportation system is one of the largest assets and liabilities in terms of infrastructure.
Streets, Trails, and public right of ways serve numerous public purposes. Port Townsend has established
values for right of way such as to support non-motorized interconnected networks throughthenon-
motorized plan, open space, tree preservation, inaddition to traditional uses for utilities and streets.
The City is in theprocess of developing a Comprehensive StreetsProgram intended to develop an
investment strategy balancing the demands for investments in the Streets and right of way networks.
Note, that unimproved trails are part of the Citys Parks Plan and are considered recreational assets
eventhough they are often used for transportationpurposes. With the development of a
Comprehensive Street program, the City anticipates identifying funding sources to make investments in
the Citys street system. The condition of theCitys streets isverypoor due to the lack of investments
dating back to Initiative 695 in which transportationfunding from the State was severely reduced.
The Transportation Sectionis broken down into three sections to define how funding is typically
allocated to streets.
Streets Maintenance
The city maintains over 81centerline miles of streets in the City Limits as outlined below.
City Streets (Excludes Fort Worden and Port, Includes Driveways in ROW):98.18 Miles
City Streets (Excludes Fort Worden,Port & Driveways in ROW):92.37 Miles
Paved Streets (Excludes Fort Worden and Port):83.41 Miles
City Maintained Paved Streets (Excludes Fort Worden and Port):77.85 Miles
Privately Maintained Paved Streets (Excludes Fort Worden and Port):5.56 Miles
SR 20:2.8 Miles
Gravel Streets (Excludes Fort Worden and Port, Includes Driveways in ROW):14.77 Miles
City Maintained Gravel Streets (Excludes Fort Worden, Port & Driveways in ROW): 3.52 Miles
Total City Maintained Streets (Excludes Fort Worden, Port &Drivewaysin ROW): 81.37 Miles
Maintenance of City Streets is generally not classified as capital as it includes pavement patching,
vegetation control,striping, plowing, sweeping, signing, lighting and more. However, how the City
maintains a street impacts capital investments in terms ofrebuilding streets andperforming major
repairswhich then become classified as capital and demand a much greater level of investment. The
figure below illustrates how costs go up significantlyat about a 40% drop in street qualityor condition.
46
Draft October 17, 2022
Typical Pavement Life Curve
One of the purposes of theComprehensive Streets Program is to review how the City maintains streets
to lessen capital burdens later.
Presently all, streetfunding goes to the maintenance budgetexcluding a small portion going toward
debt service.
Capital purchases that will support streets maintenanceincludes equipment purchases such as a 10 CY
dump truck, a small roller for patching, and pavement hot box. These capital requests are in the 2023
budget proposalin the fleet section of the plan.
Pavement Rehabilitation and Preservation
Presently, the City does not have a sustainable funding program to
perform preventative work on streets. The only work done on
streets in the last few years has been associated with large grant
funded projects such as Discovery Road. Pavementpreservation
includespractices such as chip seal, pavement overlays, shoulder
and drainage repair. Pavement rehabilitation means that the street
requires complete rebuilding or special treatments that are more
expensive than pavement preservation.
This years capital plan includes a place holder of $1 millionper year forpavement preservation and
rehabilitation.
47
Draft October 17, 2022
Street Improvements
Street improvements are defined as making improvements to the transportation system. These
improvements may improve mobility, facilitate ADA accessibility, improve safety, and address aesthetics
and stormwaterrunoff. The City is required by the State of Washington to submit annual a Six Year
Transportation Improvement Plan (STIP). Street improvements are identified in this plan in order to be
eligible for grant fundingand to provide along term outlook of theCitys transportation improvement
needs. The STIP can be used to establish transportation minor needs such as pavement preservation
and small improvements such as trafficcalmingin addition to larger road reconstruction projectssuch as
Discovery Road. The Council adopts the STIP every July and therefore, it is included in this plan by
reference.
The following table is a summary of all streets needs as adopted in the STIPand projectedcostsfor
pavement rehabilitation and preservation.
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
Funded
2023 Banked Cap. 2023 Banked
868,000
Street RepairCapacity
868,000
Grants, REET,
4,628,127
Discovery RoadLoan, Storm
4,628,127
2022 Banked
82,881
Pacific and SpruceCapacity
82,881
2022 Banked
212,500
9th St. SidewalkCapacity
212,500
Lawrence ADA 2022 Banked
55,000
UpgradesCapacity
55,000
Discovery Rd Grant to
50,000
Sheridan HSIP
183,000 233,000
STP Federal
465,400
Kearney StreetFunds
465,400
-
-
6,361,908 183,000 - - - - 6,544,908 -
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Annual Rehab. and TBD, Prop. Tax,
PreservationGen. Fund
1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 5,000,00014,000,000
Six Year Trans. Imp. Grants, Gen.
PlanFund,
300,000 1,070,000 1,824,000 1,874,00081,809,00086,877,000
-
Subtotal Unfunded - 1,300,000 2,070,000 2,824,000 2,874,00082,809,00091,877,00014,000,000
Total Projects
6,361,908 1,483,000 2,070,000 2,824,000 2,874,00082,809,00098,421,90814,000,000
Streets
48
Draft October 17, 2022
Fleet(EquipmentRepairandReplacement)
In July 1974, the Port Townsend City Council adopted Ordinance 1712to establish an Equipment Repair
and Replacement Fund (ER&R). The purpose of the fund is to maintain, repair & replaceCity vehicles
and auxiliary equipment.The fund charges the appropriate department/fund annually based on
expenses incurred two years prior for maintenance of equipment. The fund also charges depreciation
for equipment based on an estimated life and replacementvalue to replacement of vehicles. By using
the Equipment Rental Fund, the City developedan efficient, streamlined and coordinated method of
dealing with vehicles and large pieces of equipment.
Whenequipment is upfor replacementor equipment repair costs become too high, the fundgenerally
has accumulated enough capital over its life to replace the equipment. Equipment may be purchased
earlier or later than initially scheduled due tothe specific circumstance surrounding the equipment.
Equipmentthat is not replaced may incur additional repairexpenditures, experience increased
breakdowns causing delays and become a safety issue for the City.
The City of Port Townsends Fleet Maintenance Division maintains over 100 pieces of equipment for ten
different departments. The Division provides multiple services including asset management, fleet
replacement planning and purchasing, vehicle specification, usedvehicle sales and maintenance. Repair
work includes police cars, backhoes, dump trucks, pickups, mowers, portable equipment, welding and
metal fabrication. The Division also conducts repairs back-up generators at several facilities.
Replacement schedules for vehicles are influenced by industry standards, but are also based on other
variables. Vehiclesare also evaluated in replacement based on classes ofstandard replacement, such
utilitytrucks(pickups)which are set up on a 15-yearreplacementschedule. The amount of replacement
dollars invested is tracked by fund in order to prevent mixing of utility andgeneral funds.
In 2019, the City made a significant change to the replacement portionofthe ER&R fundby removing
general fund vehicles from the replacement funding schedule. This move was made to save theGeneral
Fund operating costsof payingfor vehicle replacement. A full description of the change is included on
the Citys website at this City Council presentation link:
https://cityofpt.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=4&clip_id=1803&meta_id=159039
Given, general fund (ie police, parks, engineering, planning, facilities) do not have replacement dollars in
the fund and are not saving for replacement, the City will need to generate large amounts of capital to
replace these vehicles as one-time purchases. This approach is generally unsustainable in that large
capital expenditures for fleet is challenging tobudget.
Given the history of thefleet replacement policies, two tables have been created. Thefirst table
represents fleet capital within the replacement programand the second table provides fleet needs for
departments outside of the fleet replacement program. It is noted that the replacement portion of the
ER&R fund does not have enough capital for upcoming replacement needsand thus includes an
unfunded section.
49
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
Funded
Streets
2023 10yd Dump
ERR
Truck Replacing #54 300,000
300,000
2024 P/U 3/4Ton
ERR
Replacing #45
40,000 40,000
2027 IR Roller
ERR
Replacing #41
60,000 60,000
Replacing #52 10%
ERR
Facilities
150,000 150,000
Streets/Storm
Grader Replacing
ERR
#27
375,000 375,000
2023 Street Sweeper
ERR
Replacing #43A 425,000
425,000
New Holland Mower
ERR
Replacing #24
80,000 80,000
Streets, Sewer, Storm
2024 5yd Dump
ERR
Truck #70
300,000 300,000
2024 Ford Ranger
ERR
Replacing #77
35,000 35,000
2025 Ford Ranger
ERR
Replacing #18
35,000 35,000
Streets, Sewer, Storm
and Water Distrbution
2028 Internationa
ERR
Dump Replacing #46
300,000 300,000
Miller Tilt Deck
ERR
Trailer
40,000 40,000
Water Distribution
2023 P/U W/Service
ERR
Body Replacing #61 60,000
60,000
2024 Ford Ranger
ERR
Replacing #88
35,000 35,000
2025 Backhoe 310D
ERR
Replacing #48
150,000 150,000
Biosolids
2024 Screen
ERR
Replacing #128
275,000 275,000
2024 F-150
ERR
Replacing #122
40,000 40,000
2025 F-150
ERR
Replacing #55
40,000 40,000
Biosolids
2027 Mixer
100,000 100,000
2028 Loader
ERR
Replacing #151
250,000 250,000
2026 f-250 Replacing
ERR
#22
36,000 36,000
Water Quality
2024 Ford Ranger
ERR
Crew? Replacing #67
38,000 38,000
2025 Ford Ranger
ERR
Replacing #152
35,000 35,000
Sewer Collections
Sewer TV Trailer #10 ERR $ 33,407 $ 33,407
785,000 986,407 635,000 36,000 160,000 630,000
Subtotal Funded 2,932,407 -
Unfunded
Truck 15 YD Box
ERR $ 350,000 $ 350,000
Replacing #122DT
WD 2024 Vactor
ERR $ 500,000 $ 500,000
Replacing #42A
Streets/Storm Kick off
ERR $ 70,000 $ 70,000
Broom
S.S.S.WD 544G
ERR $ 250,000 $ 250,000
Loader Replacing #20
Subtotal Unfunded - 1,170,000 - - - - 1,170,000 -
Total Projects 785,000 2,156,407 635,000 36,000 160,000 630,000 4,102,407 -
Vehicle Replacements Included in the ER&R fund
50
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME 2,023 2,024 2,025 2,026 2,027 2,028
Funds2028)
Funded -
ARPA, 170,000
(2) Police Cars
Reserves 170,000
170,000 - - - - - 170,000 -
Subtotal Funded
Unfunded
Replacing #317 &
Reserves 150,000
#314
150,000
Replacing #321 &
Reserves
#328
150,000 150,000
(2) Police Cars
Reserves
Replacing #318 & 300
150,000 150,000
Reserves
(2) Police Cars
150,000 150,000
Reserves
(2) Police Cars
150,000 150,000
Reserves
(2) Police Cars
150,000 150,000
Police Fusion Chief
Reserves
Car Replacing #322
30,000 30,000
Police Ford Ranger
Reserves 35,000
Replacing #324
35,000
Police SUV Tahoe
Reserves
Replacing #329
100,000 100,000
Police SUV Escape
Reserves
Replacing #327
30,000 30,000
Police Malibu
Reserves
Replacing #323
30,000 30,000
Parks F-150 Replacing
Reserves 35,000
#11
35,000
w/dump Replacing
Reserves 50,000
#131
50,000
Parks/Bio/Streets
Reserves
Kubota/Brush Hog
10,000 10,000
Parks Ford Ranger
Reserves
Replacing #19
35,000 35,000
Parks F-250 Replacing
Reserves
#306
40,000 40,000
PWA 2024 SUV or p/u
Reserves
Replacing #94
32,000 32,000
PWA Hybrid or EV
Reserves
Replacing E1
30,000 30,000
PWA Hybrid or EV
Reserves
Replacing E2
30,000 30,000
PWA Explorer
Reserves
Replacing #303
40,000 40,000
Facilities Ford Ranger
Reserves
Replacing #145
35,000 35,000
Facilities Ford Ranger
Reserves
Replacing #123
35,000 35,000
DSD Ford Ranger
Reserves 35,000
Replacing #101
35,000
Library Car? Replacing
Reserves
#119
35,000 35,000
Subtotal Unfunded 305,000 362,000 215,000 285,000 150,000 250,000 1,567,000 -
Total Projects 475,000 362,000 215,000 285,000 150,000 250,000 1,737,000 -
Fleet Needs with No Fundingfor Vehicles Outside of the ER&R fund
51
Draft October 17, 2022
InformationTechnology
The purpose of the I.T. Equipment Rental & Replacement Fund (ITERRF) and the I.T. Operations &
Maintenance Fund (ITOMF) is to manage replacement and maintenance funds to ensure sufficient
monies are available when needed. The ITERRF and ITOMF are designated as Internal Service Funds with
three major functions. The Replacement function supports the process to provide for replacement of
assets. The Administration function supports asset and operations management. The operations
function supports maintenance and intergovernmental activities.
During the budget process, the Information Technology Services Department will establish reserves for
the replacement of assets.
1.Replacement charges are generally calculated based on the estimated cost of each equipment
category, its useful life, and the anticipated replacement value. Replacement rates are
sometimes adjusted for special purposes. Departments will be charged based on number of
equipment. A calculation model shall be used to track each individual asset and determine the
appropriate replacement charge.
2.Replacement rates may be adjusted when the useful life of an asset is changed, orthe cost of
the replacement asset is significantly higher or lower than the norm.
3.Assets acquired for service by means other than purchase (e.g. lease) will have a replacement
rate established like a purchased asset and will require Finance approval for replacement at the
time of acquisition.
The Finance Department and Information Technology Services Department will establish rates for
various operational costs and services provided by the approved budget of the Information Technology
Services Department. The ITOMF will be used to accountfor operations and maintenance charges.
1.ITOMF maintenance rates will be established to recover 100% of the actual direct and indirect
costs (e.g. Salaries, operational expenses, etc.). Rates will be adjusted during the budget
process and mid-year review based on the fund balance if revenue exceeds or is below needs.
2.Each department will be charged based on the number of pieces of I.T. equipment assigned to
them in the ITERRF, along with an allocation for citywide shared equipment. The allocation will
be calculated by the model.
52
Draft October 17, 2022
Source of Total (2023-
2029+
PROJECT NAME202320242025202620272028
Funds2028)
86,500
Funded 40,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 366,500
ERP Upgrade, 4-5
year cycle IT-ERR 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000
420,000
Upgrade Laserfiche ARPA 25,000
25,000
Upgrade SQL Server ARPA 15,000
15,000
-
$ -
Subtotal Funded 196,500 110,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 826,500 -
Unfunded -
access points for City
Hall 30,000
30,000
big screen, upgrade
recording equipment & 35,000
35,000 70,000
Modernize stairwell
switch room 50,000
50,000
Subtotal Unfunded$ - 115,000 35,000 - - - - - -
Total Projects$ - 311,500 145,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 826,500 -
Figure 1
53
Draft October 17, 2022
Housing,EconomicDevelopment,andtheEnvironment
This section of the plan captures capital associated with infrastructurethatis oftenpart of a larger
communityand regional program. These projects are often partnership projectsand tend to address
the most pressing social issues a community facesbased on local, state,national, and world wide
conditions.
The Funded list includes Evans Vista, SimsGateway and Boatyard Expansion, Cherry Street-Carmel
Building housing project,buildable lands inventory, and technology upgrades for more timely permit
processing.
Evans Vista is an area owned by the City southwest of Rainier Street and Sims Way that isintended to be
a demonstration project of mixed-use housing and commercial with a range of affordability pricing. This
project is both supported by the Comprehensive Plan Housing Element Implementation Strategy No. 8
and 9 as well as the Rainier StreetSubarea Plan.
The Sims Gateway and Boatyard Expansion will modify the Sims Gateway subarea to achieve several
goals: 1) improve electrical utility safety, 2) remove and replace nonnative tree species with a new
native tree standard 3) increase size of Portof Port Townsend boatyard thus expanding economic
opportunity. This project originate
requires review and modification of existing subarea plans.
The City and the Homeward Bound Community LandTrust entered into an agreement to deliver
affordable housing withthe refurbishment of the Carmel building that was barged from Victoria, B.C., in
2017 to be a demonstration project as encouraged in the Comprehensive Plan. The City took out an
$834,000bond in 2018 to fund engineering, design, permitting, and pre-construction costsand then
authorized a loan to Homeward Bound with anticipated repayment funded partly by the rent of those
units. The project was plagued with unanticipated challenges and Homeward Bound agreed to exit the
project. The City subsequentlyauthorized the transfer ofownershipto another party, Bayside Housing,
to complete the project. Work was underway to proceed with the transfer, including advancing a
number of land useactions including but not limited to work on easements, right of waydedication and
permit review. Due torising costs of construction and labor, Bayside Housing determined they were not
longer able to take the project on. Since that decision in June 2022, the City has been working through a
number of possible options and scenarios. Those were debuted at the City Council workshopon August
8, 2022. Moreevaluation and work are underway and a final decision will be made by City Council in the
coming months.
The Comprehensive Plan Housing Element Implementation Strategydirects the City to conduct a
residential buildable landsinventory. While GMA does not require Port Townsend to update its
residential BLI at this time, alocal update would providevaluable data to inform next steps. Although
there appears to be more than enough vacant residentially zoned land to accommodate forecast
population and housing growth over the next 20 years, it is likely that there is not enough immediately
buildable (or shovel-ready) land served with infrastructure. Lack of shovel-ready sites is particularly
problematic for higher density single-and multi-family development at locations proximate to multi-
modal transportation and close to theurban core. Matching the capacity of the truly buildable land
supply to specific categories of ownerand rental demand by income/price level is pivotal to determine
54
Draft October 17, 2022
whether, where, and how much land should be designated for higher density and more affordable
housing. The proposed 2023 budget and CFP identifies $60,000 for this project in 2023.
In 2025,the City will be required to conduct a Periodic Update of its Comprehensive Plan. In 2023, the
Department of Commerce will provide a formulaic grant of $125,000 once the City can complete its
periodic checklist and scope of work. This will not be enough to complete the project. Additional money
will be needed, that may be sourced fromARPA, to resurrect a lost long-range planning position for an
up to two-year term. The position would assist withthe Comprehensive Plan Update, managing grants,
and would support housing policy and other long range planning projects.
Finally,in 2022 theCity made investment to support technology upgrades to transition to paperless
permitting to enhance predictable timely processing, and to ensure predictability and capability during
the COVID-19 lockdowns and social distancing requirements. The City usedARPA funds to purchase Blue
Beam Revu licenses for staff to markup development documents as well as a laptop computer so that
the building inspector can update project records whilein the field. Monitors to assist with digital review
were also purchased.In 2023, the City is interested in further improving permit processing by
purchasing an Application Programming Interface that would merge Blue Beam markup with its
Smartgov Permit database (where workflow, documents, fees, and status are stored ona project that
can be reviewed internally and to a certain extent, externally. This automates some of the manual steps
that occur now during project review. The funding would also be used for an inkjet printer so that the
Building Inspector can post site noticeson thefly without returning to the office.
The Unfunded list represents community and Council support for 2023Strategic Workplan projects.
Though currently unfunded, thislist represents potential budget impacts so that the City can seek
various revenue sources such as grants. The list also represents action items and projects identified in
Comprehensive Plan, subarea plans, and functional plans.
Source of
Total (2023-
PROJECT NAME
Funds
2028)
2,023 2,024 2,025 2,026 2,027 2,0282029+
Funded -
Evans Vista - Plan and
Entitlements Jeff. Co. ARPA 500,000
500,000
Sims Way Gateway
and Boatyard Exp. PIF, REET 150,000
150,000
Cherry Street - Carmel
Building Bond 100,000
100,000
Buildable Lands
Inventory Gen Fund 60,000
60,000 60,000
2025 Comprehensive Grants, Gen
Plan UpdateFund, ARPA 125,000 75,000 75,000
Tech. upgrades:
Timely permit
processing ARPA 8,400 20,000 10,000 38,000 20,000
$ -
Subtotal Funded 943,400 95,000 75,000 - - 10,000 848,000 80,000
Housing, Economic Development and Environment
55
Draft October 17, 2022
Economic
Development
Downtown Restrooms LTAC, Sewer
500,000 500,000
Thayer Street - Wash.
to Sims LID
-
Review and Modify
subarea plans (CP
Land Use Element
Implementation
Strategy No. 6). Gen Fund
Electric Vehicle
Charging stations Grants, LTAC
Bikeshare and
escooters Grants, LTAC
Water walk - Urban Gen. Fund,
Waterfont PlanGrants
100,000 100,000 50,000
Childcare Facility
Resources
EDC contract
Facade Improvement
Grants
Wayfinding and
interpretive heritage
signage improvements
(CP Econ. Dev
Implementation
Strategy)
250,000 250,000 25,000
Downtown Market
Study in conjunciton
with Main Street
Program
100,000 100,000 100,000
Downtown Parking
Management Plan (CP
Economic
Development
Implementation
Stragey No. 2)
Creative District grants
Olympic Discovery
Trail extension across
City owned property
Evans Vista
Development
Marketing
25,000 25,000
seasonal weekday
public produce market
at old ferry dock on
Quincy Street
25,000 25,000 5,000
Parking structure
feasiblity study
downtown - Urban
Waterfront Plan
200,000 200,000
Identify needs and
cumulative impacts of
private ferry proposals
with adequate parking
50,000 50,000
Place utilities
underground
downtown.
100,000 100,000
Housing, Economic Development and Environment
56
Draft October 17, 2022
Housing, Economic Development and Environment
57
Draft October 17, 2022
Housing
Surplus City property
for affordable housing Gen Fund
50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 300,000
affordable housing and
workforce with grants, Gen
infrastructureFund
500,000 500,000 500,000
Establishment of up to
two Tax Increment
Financing Districts REET
500,000 500,000
Support a Community
Housing Land Trust
(CP Housing Element
Implementation Gen Fund,
Strategy No. 4)grants
100,000 100,000 200,000 300,000
Audit and adjust
zoning code, design
standards and fees to
accomdate a variety
of housing types (CP
Housing Element
Implementation Gen Fund,
Strategy No. 2)grants 100,000
100,000 100,000 300,000 100,000
Update Housing
Asessment, Update
Housing Action Plan Gen fund, grants 75,000 75,000 150,000 100,000
Review and Modify
existing design criteria
(CP Land Use Element
Implementation Gen Fund,
Strategy No. 3)grants 25,000 50,000 100,000 50,000
Accept stock plans for
middle housing, waive
plan review fee Gen Fund 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 90,000 100,000
Research and develop
a housing incentive
program for new
development or
renovation of existing Gen Fund,
buildingsgrants 100,000 100,000 50,000
Explore public-private
renovation project for
Historic District upper
floors to accomodate
live/work housing Gen fund, grants 50,000 50,000 100,000 50,000
Open space density
transfers (transfer
development rights) Gen fund, grants 25,000 25,000 50,000 25,000
Subtotal Unfunded$ - 115,000 465,000 715,000 115,000 215,000 1,990,000 5,390,000 1,805,000
Total Projects$ - 1,058,400 560,000 790,000 115,000 215,000 2,000,000 6,238,000 1,885,000
Housing, Economic Development and Environment
ImpactFees
If the City were to implement impact fees, RCW requires tracking of impact fees and annual reporting.
This section is a place holder in case impact fees are utilized in the future. An impact fee analysis was
provided to the City Council on in December of 2021 while adjustments were being made to the water
connection fees. The following table illustrates a comparison of impact fees to other cities. Impact fees
can be a revenue source for growth related impacts to parks, transportation, fire, and school public
services.
58
Draft October 17, 2022
Util. System Dev. ChargesImpact Fees
Local Fac.
WaterSewerChargeStormTransp.FireParksSchoolsTotal
Olympia$ 4,433$ 9,860$ 6,418$ 1,440$ 3,662$ -$ 5,581$ 5,448$ 36,842
Port Orchard$ 11,571$ 12,122$ 5,569$ -$ 4,977$ -$ -$ 1,371$ 35,609
Mount Vernon$ 7,530$ 7,859$ -$ -$ 5,292$ -$ 855$ 9,421$ 30,957
Bend, OR$ 5,857$ 5,223$ -$ -$ 8,543$ -$ 8,867$ -$ 28,490
Poulsbo$ 4,802$ 10,965$ 1,323$ 5,324$ -$ 1,248$ -$ 23,661
Sequim$ 8,184$ 7,548$ -$ -$ 2,491$ -$ 2,210$ -$ 20,433
Lacy$ 5,449$ 8,143$ 6,083$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 19,674
Chelan$ 11,926$ 5,531$ 1,970$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 19,427
Wenatchee$ 600$ 3,710$ 6,389$ -$ 7,500$ -$ -$ -$ 18,199
Bremerton$ 6,291$ 7,342$ -$ 1,510$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 15,143
Port Townsend$ 4,494$ 3,758$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 8,252
Leavenworth$ 3,899$ 2,620$ -$ 1,034$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 7,554
Oak Harbor$ 3,081$ 1,680$ -$ -$ 907$ -$ -$ -$ 5,668
Port Angeles$ 2,260$ 2,260$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ 4,520
If adjust for inflation at 3.2%
Port Townsend 2015$ 4,494$ 3,758$ 8,252
Port Townsend 2022$ 5,603$ 4,685$ 10,288
Notes:
Sequim include a 1.5 factor of facilities charges for outside the City Limts
Wenatchee Local Facilities Charge applies only to pipe installed by the City for Sewer. Transp. Impact Fee is for a specific region of the City
Chelan Local Facilities Charge depends on the location of connection
Olympia Local Facilities charge is for the regional system.
Conclusion
This years Capital Facilities Plan provides an attemptto look at the city holistically over time from a
Capital improvement needs standpoint. The Capital Facilities Plan is a work in progress designed to
coordinate with the adoption of theannual capital budget. The process of adoptionis an iterative
process to develop a comprehensive overview of capital needs in order to balance investments with
availableresources (revenue and staffing)as well as priorities.
Appendices
Appendix A: 2023 Capital Project Budget Sheets
AppendixB: Capital Facilities Plan Tables
Appendix C: Six Year Transportation Improvement Program
59
!
2!+++ESBGU!mfuufs!up!Djuz!Dpvodjm!sfhbsejoh!uif!tubuf!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe+++!
3!!
4!28!OPW-!3133!
5!Up;!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!Djuz!Nbobhfs!Nbvsp!
6!Gs;!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!
7!!
8!PVS!QVCMJD!BSU!DSJTJT!
9!!
:!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!Dpvodjm.Nbobhfs!tusvduvsf!jt!dpnnpo!hpwfsonfou!tusbufhz!jo!tnbmm!upxot!
21!mjlf!pvst!uibu!sfmz!po!pqfo!dpnnvojdbujpo!cfuxffo!djuj{fot-!tubgg-!nbobhfs!boe!djuz!dpvodjm/!
22!Lfz!up!pvs!gpsn!pg!hpwfsonfou!jt!uif!sfmjbodf!po!djuj{fo!bewjtpsz!cpbset-!dpnnjuufft!boe!
23!dpnnjttjpot!up!bttjtu!boe!bewjtf!po!wbsjpvt!djuz!nbuufst/!Tpnf!bewjtpsz!cpbset!bsf!qsfuuz!
24!vojwfstbm!up!nptu!tnbmm!upxot-!jodmvejoh!pvst;!Mjcsbsz!Bewjtpsz!Cpbse-!Qbslt0Sfd!'!
25!Usfft0Usbjmt-!Usbotqpsubujpo!Bewjtpsz!Cpbse-!fud/!Uiftf!bewjtpsz!hspvq!nfncfst!bsf!
26!bqqpjoufe!cbtfe!po!uifjs!lopxmfehf!boe!fyqfsjfodf!boe!sfhvmbsmz!nffu!up!ejtdvtt!uif!nbuufst!
27!sfmbufe!up!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!bsfbt/!Uifjs!sfdpnnfoebujpot!bsf!uifo!gpsxbsefe!up!Djuz!Dpvodjm!
28!boe!pvs!Djuz!Nbobhfs!tp!uibu!uif!djuz!dbo!cf!svo!lopxjoh!juÉt!sfdfjwjoh!uif!cftu!bewjdf!
29!qpttjcmf!.!bewjdf!dvmujwbufe!gspn!uif!wfsz!djuj{fot!uiptf!efdjtjpot!xjmm!bggfdu/!
2:!!
31!Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!usbejujpobm!dpnnjttjpot!boe!cpbset!nptu!tnbmm!djujft!ibwf-!juÉt!fbtz!up!tff!
32!xibu!!!b!djuz!ibt!tjnqmz!cz!opujoh!xibu!uifjs!!bewjtpsz!hspvqt!bsf;!!
tqfdjbmqsjpsjujfttqfdjbmj{fe
33!Fmmfotcvsh!ibt!b!Spefp!Cpbse-!Tfrvjn!b!Tjtufs!Djuz!Bttpdjbujpo-!Cbjocsjehf!Jtmboe!b!Sbdf!
34!Frvjuz!Bewjtpsz!Dpnnjuuff/!Uiftf!!dpnnjuufft!uifo!dpowfof!up!ublf!vq!uif!
tqfdjbmj{fe
35!jttvft!effnfe!qbsujdvmbs!jnqpsubou!up!uiptf!joejwjevbm!dpnnvojujft/!!!
36!!
37!Uif!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!)QUBD*!jt!pof!pg!uiftf!-!
tqfdjbmj{fe!bewjtpsz!cpejft
38!dsfbufe!up!beesftt!b!tvckfdu!tp!jnqpsubou!up!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!uibu!xf!gmbvou!ju!po!b!mbshf!tjho!bu!
39!uif!fousbodf!pg!upxo!boe!cspbemz!upvu!ju!jo!pvs!nbslfujoh!tusbufhjft!up!dpnnvojujft!bgbs/!
3:!Ftubcmjtife!jo!3112!cz!djuz!sftpmvujpo!12.13:!jut!efdmbsfe!qvsqptf!jt!up!ƽibwf!bwbjmbcmf!up!
41!uif!djuz!boe!jut!djuj{fot!b!efhsff!pg!fyqfsujtf!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!qfsgpsnjoh-!wjtvbm!boe!
42!mjufsbsz!bsut!boe!up!bdu!jo!bo!bewjtpsz!dbqbdjuz!up!uif!djuz!hpwfsonfou!jo!dpoofdujpo!xjui!uif!
43!bsujtujd!boe!dvmuvsbm!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!djuz/Ç!Tjodf!jut!jodfqujpo-!QUBD!ibt!gvoefe!ivoesfet!
44!pg!uipvtboet!pg!epmmbst!upxbse!wjubm!dpnnvojuz!bsut!qsphsbnt!mbshf!boe!tnbmm-!voepvcufemz!
45!dpousjcvujoh!tjhojgjdboumz!up!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf!xf!bmm!fokpz!ifsf/!!QUBD!ibt!dpowfofe!tfwfsbm!
!2!
!
46!Bsujtu!Tfmfdujpo!Qbofmt!)BTQ*!boe!cz!vujmj{joh!uif!djuzÉt!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!
47!Qspdfevsft!epdvnfou!bt!b!hvjef-!ibt!tvddfttgvmmz!bddfttjpojoh!ovnfspvt!dfmfcsbufe!xpslt!jo!
48!up!pvs!qfsnbofou!dpmmfdujpo!jodmvejoh;!!Hfsbse!UtvublbxbÉt!jdpojd!cspo{f!tdvmquvsf!Tbmjti!
49!Tfb!Djsdmf!uibu!mjwft!epxoupxo!bu!Qpqf!Nbsjof!Qbsl-!Nbuu!CbcdpdlÉt!sfhbm!ifspo.dmpdl!Hsfbu!
4:!Cmvf!lffqjoh!ujnf!jo!uif!Vqupxo!ofjhicpsippe-!boe!uif!mbuf!Svttfmm!KbrvbÉt!nbkftujd!byjbm.
51!tznnfusz!tdvmquvsf!uibu!qspnjofoumz!qvoduvbuft!uif!WjtjupsÉt!Dfoufs!bsfb/!!Fbdi!pg!uiftf!
52!qspkfdut!xfsf!qspqfsmz!bddfttjpofe!uispvhi!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!boe!uif!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!
53!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!boe!bt!b!sftvmu-!foibodf!pvs!upxoÉt!dibsbdufs!boe!mjwbcjmjuz-!cvuusftt!pvs!
54!sfqvubujpo!bt!bo!Æbsut!upxoÇ!boe!ibwf!cffo!hfofsbmmz!nbjoufobodf!boe!uspvcmf.gsff!tjodf!uifjs!
55!tjujoh/!
56!!
57!Ipxfwfs-!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!zfbst-!uif!fyqfsujtf!boe!tfswjdft!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!up!uif!djuz!cz!
58!QUBD!ibwf!opu!cffo!ubqqfe!jo!pvs!ujnf!pg!offe/!Jotufbe-!sfhsfuubcmz-!QUBD!ibt!cffo!hspttmz!
59!voefsvujmj{fe-!pvusjhiu!jhopsfe!boe!joufoujpobmmz!djsdvnwfoufe/!!Zfbst!pg!fydfmmfou!xpsl!up!
5:!gvmgjmm!pvs!evujft!jo!uif!tfmfdujpo!boe!tjujoh!pg!qvcmjd!bsuxpslt!qsjps!up!uxp!zfbst!bhp!ibwf!
61!opx!cffo!pwfstibepxfe!cz!uif!qfsdfjwfe!jnqsfttjpo!uibu!xf!espqqfe!uif!cbmm!po!uif!bsu!
62!nbslfst!qspkfdu-!fwfo!uipvhi!uif!tfmfdujpo!boe!tjujoh!pg!uifn!xbt!opof!pg!pvs!epjoh/!!Bt!b!
63!sftvmu!pg!qspqfs!qspdfevsft!opu!cfjoh!gpmmpxfe-!njtublft!xfsf!nbef!boe!nfttft!sfnbjo/!
64!Zfbst!pg!benjsbcmf!xpsl!bt!b!dpnqfufou!bewjtpsz!cpez!ibt!tvtubjofe!ebnbhf!evf!up!uif!
65!njtqfsdfqujpo!uibu!xf!xfsf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!uif!nbslfst/!Uijt!njtqfsdfqujpo!ibt!bmtp!ibsnfe!
66!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!pwfsbmm!sfqvubujpo!bt!bo!bsujtujd!fodmbwf-!uif!wfsz!usbju!jo!xijdi!xf!cbtf!b!
67!mbshf!qpsujpo!pg!pvs!djuzÉt!jnbhf!po/!
68!!
69!Cvu!QUBD!sfbmj{ft!uibu!xf!bsf!bo!joufhsbm!qbsu!pg!uif!pwfsbmm!hpwfsonfou!tusvduvsf!uibu!pvs!
6:!upxo!sfmjft!po!up!gvodujpo!boe!ibwf!b!evuz!up!tuboe!vojufe!xjui!dpvodjmnfncfst-!djuz!tubgg-!
71!boe!xjui!fbdi!puifs!up!xfbuifs!uiftf!jttvft/!!QUBD!sfbmj{ft!uibu!pvs!dibsufs!sftqpotjcjmjuz!jt!
72!up!bewjtf!dpvodjm!po!bsu!nbuufst!boe!bmtp!up!gvsuifs!uif!efwfmpqnfou!boe!qvcmjd!bxbsfoftt!pg!
73!boe!joufsftu!jo!uif!bsut-!cvu!QUBD!bmtp!sfdphoj{ft!uibu!xf!ibwf!b!evuz!up!dppqfsbuf!xjui!
74!dpvodjm!boe!puifs!djuz.ufbn!nfncfst½tjodf!xfÉsf!bmm!jo!uijt!uphfuifs/!!Uijt!jt!mjlfmz!cftu!
75!epof!cz!uszjoh!up!voefstuboe!xibu!ibqqfofe!sfhbsejoh!uif!fsspst!nbef!boe!voefstuboejoh!
76!xibu!!ibwf!cffo!epof!.!jg!gps!op!puifs!sfbtpo!uibo!up!lopx!ipx!up!obwjhbuf!gpsxbse!
tipvme
77!boe!tuffs!bxbz!gspn!tjnjmbs!njtublft!nbef!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!zfbst/!!Xf!uifsfgpsf!
78!xfmdpnf!b!gsbol!ejtdvttjpo!bcpvu!uif!dvssfou!tubuvt!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!boe!
79!dpotjefs!ju!pvs!nboebufe!evuz!up!mfu!dpvodjm!lopx!xibu!xf!uijol!tipvme!cf!epof!bcpvu!ju/!
!3!
!
7:!!
81!QVSQPTF!PG!UIJT!MFUUFS;!
82!!
83!Uijt!mfuufs!joufoet!up!fyqmbjo;!2*!Xibu!xfou!xspoh!xjui!!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!zfbst!
qvcmjd!bsu
84!)up!mfbso!gspn!pvs!qbtu*-!3*!Xibu!tipvme!ibwf!ibqqfofe!xjui!!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!
qvcmjd!bsu
85!zfbst!)up!cfuufs!voefstuboe!uif!qspqfs!qspdfevsft*-!boe!4*!Xibu!up!ep!bcpvu!!opx!
qvcmjd!bsu
86!)up!njujhbuf!uif!ibsn!epof!boe!hfu!cbdl!po!usbdl!xjui!ipx!uijoht!bsf!tvqqptfe!up!cf*/!
87!!
88!CMBDL!MJWFT!NBUUFS!TUSFFU!BSU;!
89!!
8:!Uif!gjstu!djsdvnwfoujoh!pg!QUBDÉt!dpef.ftubcmjtife!spmf!)jo!sfdfou!ijtupsz*!pddvssfe!jo!Kvof!
91!pg!3131!xifo!Dpvodjm!xbt!bqqspbdife!cz!bo!jnqbttjpofe!djuj{fo!hspvq!xboujoh!up!jotubmm!
92!tusffu!bsu!po!Xbufs!Tusffu!gps!uif!Kvofuffoui!dfmfcsbujpo-!dpjodjejoh!xjui!tjnjmbs!fwfout!
93!ibqqfojoh!obujpoxjef/!!Bo!vshfou!Ætqfdjbm!nffujohÇ!xbt!dbmmfe!boe!xjuijo!b!dpvqmf!ebzt-!
94!QUBD!dpowfofe!up!beesftt!uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!gvoejoh!pg!uif!xpsl/!Uif!qspqptbm!ipxfwfs!
95!xbt!opu!qsftfoufe!up!QUBD!bt!bo!bsuxpsl!tffljoh!tjujoh!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sfbmn!)bt!sfrvjsfe!qfs!
96!Djuz!dpef0qpmjdz!tfu!gpsui!jo!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsft*-!jotufbe!uif!sfrvftu!
97!qsftfoufe!up!QUBD!bu!uif!tqfdjbm!nffujoh!xbt!pomz!gps!gvoejoh/!Dpvodjm!ibe!bmsfbez-!
98!fsspofpvtmz!bqqspwfe!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!uif!bsu!po!uif!tusffu!bu!uifjs!sfhvmbs!cvtjoftt!nffujoh!b!
99!gfx!ebzt!qsjps-!fttfoujbmmz!djsdvnwfoujoh!uifjs!pxo!qvcmjd!bsu!qpmjdz!sfrvjsjoh!uibu!tvdi!
9:!jttvft!gjstu!cf!tfou!up!QUBD!)jodjefoubmmz-!uif!gvoejoh!sfrvftu!!sfwjfxfe!cz!QUBD!b!gfx!
xbt
:1!ebzt!!dpvodjmÉt!qbttjoh!pg!uif!qspqptbm!boe!!qbttfe!cz!QUBD;!7!Æzbz-Ç!3!Æobz-Ç!boe!
bgufsxbt
:2!2!bctufoujpo*/!
:3!!
:4!JuÉt!xpsui!opujoh!opx!uibu!uif!qspqptbm!qsftfoufe!up!QUBD!bu!pvs!tqfdjbm!nffujoh!ibe!
:5!dmbjnfe!uibu!ÆdibmlÇ!xpvme!cf!vtfe-!fwfo!uipvhi!qbjou!xbt!vmujnbufmz!bqqmjfe!up!uif!tusffu!
:6!jotufbe/!!Dpodfsot!sbjtfe!cz!QUBD!evsjoh!pvs!npujpo!efmjcfsbujpo!pwfs!ibsngvm!svopgg!upyjot!
:7!jo!up!Qvhfu!Tpvoe!xfsf!uifsfgpsf!opu!ublfo!jo!up!dpotjefsbujpo-!qjdupsjbm!jnbhfsz0tvckfdu!
:8!nbuufs!rvftujpot!boe!bewjdf!pggfsfe!up!dpvodjm!bu!uif!QUBD!nffujoh!xfsf!opu!ublfo!jo!up!
:9!dpotjefsbujpo!boe!efgbdfnfou0wboebmjtn!rvftujpot!boe!dpodfsot!uibu!QUBD!sbjtfe!xfsf!opu!
::!beesfttfe!cz!dpvodjm/!!Boe!nptu!ejtdpvsbhjohmz-!boe!dmfbsmz!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!xboujoh!up!
211!djsdvnwfou!QUBD!spmf!jo!gvuvsf!rvjdl.sftqpotf!bsu!qspqptbmt-!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!dpef!xbt!
212!dibohfe!jo!uif!npouit!bgufs!uif!nvsbm!qmbdfnfou!up!gvsuifs!sfevdf!QUBDÉt!bewjtpsz!spmf!jo!
213!bttjtujoh!uif!djuz!jo!nbljoh!xjtf!boe!jogpsnfe!efdjtjpot!xifo!bvuipsj{joh!qvcmjd!bsu!
!4!
!
214!jotubmmbujpot;!QUND!4/61!ibt!tjodf!cffo!dibohfe!up!bmmpx!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs!tpmf!ejtdsfujpo!jo!
215!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!ufnqpsbsz!xpslt!Æopu!up!fydffe!2!zfbs/Ç!!
216!!
217!DPEF!DIBOHF!QSPQPTBM;!
218!!
219!Vqpo!gvsuifs!sfgmfdujpo!pg!uijt!dpef!dibohf!boe!jo!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!sfdfou!bsu.qmbdfnfou!
21:!fsspst-!boe!lopxjoh!uibu!qsfdfefou!tipxt!uibu!b!rvpsvn!pg!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!)QBD*!boe!
221!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!nfncfst!!nffu!bu!tipsu!opujdf!jo!b!tjnjmbs!rvjdl.uvsobspvoe!tjuvbujpo!
dpvme
222!up!beesftt!tvdi!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt!boe!tvqqmz!djuz!hpwfsonfou!xjui!uif!fyqfsu!bewjdf!ju!
223!offet!po!tvdi!vshfou!nbuufst-!QUBD!qspqptft!b!dibohf!up!4/61/!Ju!nblft!op!tfotf!up!ibwf!b!
224!qbofm!pg!fyqfsut!up!bewjtf!uif!djuz!nbobhfs!boe!dpvodjm!po!qvcmjd!bsu!jttvft!jg!uif!djuz!
225!nbobhfs!dbo!vojmbufsbmmz!qmbdf!bsu!jo!uif!qvcmjd-!fwfo!jg!kvtu!gps!pof!zfbs/!!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!
226!sfdpnnfoet!ifsf!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!ps!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs-!ps!boz!puifs!djuz!efqbsunfou!!bdu!po!
opu
227!uif!tfmfdujpo-!djujoh!ps!gvoejoh!pg!bsu!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sfbmn!xjuipvu!gjstu!tffljoh!uif!bewjdf!pg!
228!uif!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!boe!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff-!bt!qsftdsjcfe!dmfbsmz!jo!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!
229!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsft/!!Ju!jt!uifsfgpsf!pvs!sfdpnnfoebujpo!uibu!uif!
22:!QUND!4/61!sfwfsu!cbdl!up!jut!qsjps!gpsn-!sfrvjsjoh!joqvu!gspn!QUBD!!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!
cfgpsf
231!!qvcmjd!bsu-!gps!boz!bnpvou!pg!ujnf/!!
boz
232!!
233!BSU!NBSLFS!TDVMQUVSFT;!
234!JuÉt!jnqpsubou!up!gjstu!bdlopxmfehf!uibu!QUBD!sfbmj{ft!uibu!fwfszpof!jowpmwfe!jo!uif!jojujbm!
235!qmbdfnfou!pg!uif!bsu!nbslfst!uibu!bsf!tjufe!po!qvcmjd!qspqfsuz!bspvoe!upxo!xfsf!xfmm.
236!joufoujpofe!boe!fwfszpof!eje!uifjs!cftu!up!ifmq!cspbefo!uif!bxbsfoftt!pg!uif!bsut!jo!pvs!
237!dpnnvojuz!boe!dfmfcsbuf!xpsljoh!bsujtut/!!JuÉt!bmtp!bdlopxmfehfe!cz!QUBD!uibu!uif!Dsfbujwf!
238!Ejtusjdu!djuj{fo!hspvq-!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!djuz!efqbsunfout!boe!uif!bsujtu!ijntfmg!ibe!b!mpguz!wjtjpo!
239!pg!b!tvddfttgvm!boe!dfmfcsbufe!tpmvujpo!up!uif!dibmmfohf!pg!qspwjejoh!dsfbujwf!tjhobhf!up!
23:!dpnnfnpsbuf!pvs!ofx!Xbtijohupo!Tubuf!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!eftjhobujpo!bt!b!Dsfbujwf!
241!Ejtusjdu/!Qbsu!pg!QUBDÉt!kpc!ipxfwfs-!boe!uibu!pg!jut!tvcdpnnjuuff-!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!
242!jt!up!tpnfujnft!ufnqfs!bsu!qspqptbmtÉ!cjh.jefb!pqujnjtn!xjui!uif!hspvoejoh.sfbmjuz!pg!
243!nbjoufobodf!jttvft-!wboebmjtn!dpodfsot-!mjbcjmjuz!gbdupst!boe!pwfsbmm!qvcmjd!qfsdfqujpo-!
244!bnpoh!puifst/!JuÉt!opu!vodpnnpo!gps!dsfbujwf!wjtjpot!pg!bsu!qspqptfe!up!uif!djuz!up!uifo!cf!
245!ufnqfsfe!cz!uif!sfbmjuz!difdl!pg!QUBDÉt!qpmjdz.qsftdsjcfe!difdlmjtu!pg!xibu!dbo!cf!gvoefe-!
246!tjufe!boe!nbjoubjofe!gps!nboz!zfbst!up!dpnf/!!Xibu!nbz!mppl!mjlf!b!sfbmmz!hppe!jefb!po!uif!
!5!
!
247!tvsgbdf!bsf!tpnfujnft!sfkfdufe!gps!mphjtujdbm!sfbtpot!cfofbui!uif!tvsgbdf!.!uif!uiptf!
248!efufsnjojoh!gbdupst!dbo!pomz!cf!qspwjefe!cz!uif!fyqfsut!ubtlfe!xjui!lopxjoh!tvdi!uijoht!jg!
249!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt!bsf!gjstu!qsftfoufe!up!uif!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo/!
24:!QUBD!cfmjfwft!uibu!Kpobi!UspqmfÉt!bsu!nbslfs!tdvmquvsft!bsf!jo!uifntfmwft!pg!sfqvubcmf!
251!rvbmjuz-!dpodfquvbmmz!tpvoe!bsf!tvddfttgvm!bt!tuboebmpof!xpslt!boe!bt!b!hspvq-!bshvbcmz!
252!fybdumz!xibu!xbt!cfjoh!btlfe!gps!cz!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!kvsz!uibu!tfmfdufe!ijn/!!QUBD!jt!opu!
253!nbljoh!b!ofhbujwf!kvehnfou!po!Ns/!UspqmfÉt!bdvnfo!bt!bo!bsujtu!ps!pggfsjoh!b!dsjujdbm!
254!bobmztjt!pg!uif!tdvmquvsft!qfs!tf/!Cvu!ibe!uif!tfmfdujpo!qspdftt!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!bsuxpslt!bsf!
255!tvqqptfe!up!hp!uispvhi!cfgpsf!uifjs!qmbdfnfou!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sjhiu!pg!xbz!ibe!cffo!nbobhfe!
256!cz!buif!qpmjdz.nboebufe!Bsujtu!Tfmfdujpo!Qbofm!)tff!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!
257!Qspdfevsf!qh/!5*-!tvsfmz!uif!hmbsjohmz!pcwjpvt!fssps!pg!tfmfdujoh!bsuxpsl!xjui!b!opo.dmfbobcmf!
258!tvsgbdf!xpvme!ibwf!cffo!bwpjefe/!!Tvctfrvfoumz-!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!sbnqbou!fncfmmjtinfou!boe!
259!dpoujovpvt!wboebmjtn!uibu!dpvme!ibwf!cffo!qsfejdufe!cz!b!npsf!fyqfsjfodfe!tfmfdujpo!cpez-!
25:!uifzÉwf!cffo!qbjoufe!pwfs!boe!pwfs!bhbjo!bt!b!ibqib{bse!tpmvujpo!uibu!ibt!fttfoujbmmz!dibohfe!
261!uif!bsu!jutfmg/!!Uifz!bsf!opx!b!dpmps!opu!psjhjobmmz!joufoefe!cz!uif!bsujtu/!!Uifz!ibwf!ibe!
262!beejujpobm!tjhobhf!beefe!up!uifn!btjef!gspn!uif!psjhjobm!RS!dpeft!uibu!xbt!opu!joufoefe!cz!
263!uif!bsujtu/!!Uif!sfqfbufe!sfqbjoujoh!pg!uifn!ibt!boe!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!voefsnjof!uif!tvsgbdf!
264!ufyuvsf!eftjho!fmfnfou!uibu!xbt!pof!pg!uif!dpsofstupof.dpodfqut!pg!uif!xpslt!xifo!uifz!xfsf!
265!vowfjmfe;!uibu!ijt!ÆxijufxbtifeÇ!gpsnt!xpvme!xfbuifs!obuvsbmmz!pwfs!uif!dpvstf!pg!uifjs!
266!joufoefe!mjgfujnf!pg!31!zfbst/!
267!!
268!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt!jnqpsubou!gps!dpvodjm!up!sfbmj{f-!boe!mjlfmz!uif!evuz!pg!QUBD!up!opx!qpjou!pvu-!
269!uibu!dfsubjo!dpqzsjhiu!wjpmbujpot!ibwf!pddvssfe!jo!uif!nbojqvmbujpo!pg!Ns/!UspqmfÉt!xpslt!bt!
26:!uifz!bqqmz!voe!uif!Wjtvbm!Bsujtut!Sjhiut!Bdu!pg!2::1!)tff!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!
271!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsf-!qh/!7*-!sfgfsfodjoh!Vojufe!Tubuft!dpef!28!VT!!tfdujpo!4-!tvctfdujpo!
272!)2*)C*!xijdi!tubuft!uibu!bsujtut!sfubjo!uif!sjhiu!Æup!qsfwfou!uif!vtf!pg!ijt!ps!ifs!obnf!bt!uif!
273!bvuips!pg!boz!xpsl!pg!wjtvbm!bsu!xijdi!if!ps!tif!eje!opu!dsfbuf-Ç!boe!tfdujpo!4-!tvctfdujpo!)4*-!
274!uibu!uif!bsujtu!Ætibmm!ibwf!uif!sjhiu!up!qsfwfou!boz!eftusvdujpo-!ejtupsujpo-!nvujmbujpo-!ps!puifs!
275!npejgjdbujpo!pg!uibu!xpsl!xijdi!xpvme!cf!qsfkvejdjbm!up!ijt!ps!ifs!ipops!ps!sfqvubujpo-!boe!
276!xijdi!jt!uif!sftvmu!pg!bo!joufoujpobm!ps!ofhmjhfou!bdu!ps!pnjttjpo!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uibu!xpsl-!
277!boe!boz!tvdi!eftusvdujpo-!ejtupsujpo-!nvujmbujpo-!ps!npejgjdbujpo!pg!uibu!xpsl!jt!b!wjpmbujpo!pg!
278!uibu!sjhiu/Ç!!QUBD!gvsuifs!dpotjefst!ju!juÉt!evuz!up!sfmbz!uif!dpodfso!uibu!uif!Djuz!pg!Qpsu!
279!Upxotfoe!nbz!cf!dpnqmjdju!jo!uijt!wjpmbujpo!tjodf!Uif!Djuz!jt!dvssfoumz!mjtufe!bt!cfjoh!
!6!
!
27:!ÆqbsuofstÇ!po!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!xfctjufÉt!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uif!bsu!nbslfst-!jogpsnbujpo!
281!ejsfdumz!mjolfe!uispvhi!uif!RS!dpeft!npvoufe!po!fbdi!pg!uif!tdvmquvsft/!
282!!
283!QUBD!xpvme!bmtp!mjlf!up!jogpsn!dpvodjm!uibu!podf!bo!bsuxpsl!jt!bddfttjpofe!jo!up!uif!qvcmjd!
284!bsu!dpmmfdujpo!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe-!uif!djuz!uifo!pxot!uif!bsuxpsl-!fwfo!uipvhi!uif!bsujtut!
285!sfubjot!dfsubjo!sjhiut/!Hfofsbmmz-!podf!b!nvojdjqbmjuz!ibt!bddfttjpofe!b!xpsl!jo!up!jut!
286!qfsnbofou!dpmmfdujpo-!ju!uifo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!tfmm-!usbef-!npwf!ps!eftuspz!bo!bsuxpsl!jo!jut!
287!dpmmfdujpo-!cvu!jt!tubuvupsjmz!qspijcjufe!gspn!bmufsjoh!ju-!bt!ibt!cffo!uif!dbtf!xjui!UspqmfÉt!
288!nbslfst!boe!uif!Dsfbujwf!EjtusjduÉt!njujhbujoh!buufnqut!up!sfcsboe!uifn!pwfs!uif!mbtu!gfx!
289!npouit/!!Qbjoujoh!pwfs!tpnfpofÉt!bsuxpsl!jt!jotvmujoh!Ä!cfjoh!bo!Æbsu!upxoÇ!xf!tipvme!lopx!
28:!cfuufs!uibo!up!ibwf!fwfo!dpotjefsfe!uijt!bcipssfou!Ætpmvujpo/Ç!Fwfo!uipvhi!uif!Dsfbujwf!
291!Ejtusjdu!nbz!pxo!ijt!xpslt-!uifz!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!sjhiu!up!!uifn/!
dibohf
292!!
293!QSJWBUF!BSU!JO!QVCMJD!WT!QVCMJD!BSU!JO!QVCMJD!!
294!!
295!Tp!uif!rvftujpo!uifo!bsjtft!bt!up!xifuifs!uiftf!bsf!!ps!/!!Uifz!
qsjwbuf!bsuxpsltqvcmjd!bsuxpslt
296!vorvftujpobcmz!!po!qvcmjd!qspqfsuz!boe!qspcmfnbujdbmmz!tjufe!jo!tpnf!pg!uif!nptu!ijhi.
bsf
297!qspgjmf!mpdbujpot!jo!uif!Djuz!xjuipvu!uif!joqvu!pg!uif!djuj{fosz-!bt!sfrvjsfe!cz!QUND!4/61/!!
298!Cvu!bsf!uifz!qvcmjd!bsu!ps!qsjwbuf!bsu@!!Bhbjo-!xf!nbz!uvso!up!pvs!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!
299!boe!Qspdfevsf!epdvnfou!gps!uif!botxfs;!qbhf!3;!Efgjojujpot;!;!Boz!psjhjobm-!
Qvcmjd!Bsuxpsl
29:!efdpsbujwf-!gvodujpobm-!ejtdsfuf-!tjuf.joufhsbufe!ps!gsfftuboejoh!pckfdu!dsfbufe!cz!bo!bsujtu!gps!
2:1!qfsnbofou!ejtqmbz!jo!b!qvcmjd!tfuujoh/Ç!!Dmfbsmz-!UspqmfÉt!bsu!nbslfs!tdvmquvsft!ujdl!uiftf!
2:2!cpyft!boe!bsf!uifsfgpsf!qvcmjd!bsu/!!Tjodf!QUBD!lopxt!pg!op!qpmjdz!ps!dpef.cbdlfe!qspwjtjpo!
2:3!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!uibu!bmmpxt!gps!qsjwbuf!bsu!up!cf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sjhiu!pg!xbz!xjuipvu!ju!
2:4!hpjoh!uispvhi!fjuifs!pvs!qsftdsjcfe!bddfttjpo!qspdfevsf!ps!uif!djuzÉt!!jo!bddpsebodf!
hjgu!qpmjdz
2:5!xjui!SDX!46/32/211!xijdi!bmmpxt!gps!bddfqubodf!pg!dpobujpot!cz!b!nvojdjqbmjuz-!uifz!bsf!b!
2:6!qspcmfn/!!Uispvhi!fjuifs!bddfttjpojoh!nfuipe!ipxfwfs-!cpui!bdrvjtjujpo!qspdfevsft!!
nvtu
2:7!sftvmu!jo!uif!djuz!pxojoh!boe!nbjoubjojoh!uif!bsuxpslt<!cpui!sfrvjsf!bnqmf!pqqpsuvojuz!gps!
2:8!qvcmjd!joqvu!boe!jorvjsz!boe!cpui!sfrvjsf!uif!qbsujdjqbujpo!pg!uif!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo/!
2:9!!
2::!XIFSF!UIJOHT!XFOU!XSPOH!
311!QUBD!sfjufsbuft!uibu!xf!voefstuboe!uibu!uiptf!jowpmwfe!jo!uif!tjujoh!pg!UspqmfÉt!bsu!nbslfst!
312!xfsf!xfmm!joufoujpofe/!!Cvu!jg!xf!bsf!up!lopx!ipx!up!bwpje!tjnjmbs!qspcmfnbujd!jodjefout!jo!
!7!
!
313!uif!gvuvsf-!xf!tipvme!dmfbsmz!voefstuboe!xifo!uif!qspdfevsbm!efupvst!pddvssfe/!!QUBDÉt!
314!fybnjobujpo!pg!uiptf!efwjbujpot-!boe!pvs!sfqpsu!pg!uifn!pggfsfe!ifsf-!bsf!joufoefe!gps!uif!
315!cfuufsnfou!pg!pvs!djuz!boe!jut!gvodujpo/!!JuÉt!jnqpsubou!uibu!dpvodjm!hfu!uif!nptu!bddvsbuf!boe!
316!usvuigvm!jogpsnbujpo!qpttjcmf-!bt!dpvodjm!sfmjft!po!uif!jogpsnbujpo!ju!hfut!gspn!fwfsz!bewjtpsz!
317!tpvsdf!bt!ju!fohbhft!jo!uif!bdu!pg!mfbejoh!vt/!!QUBD!bdlopxmfehft!uibu!djujoh!gbvmut!dbo!ibsn!
318!ufbnt-!cvu!bmtp!sfbmj{ft!uibu!fwfszpof!xip!qbsujdjqbuft!jo!djuz!hpwfsonfou-!jodmvejoh!Bsut!
319!Dpnnjttjpofst!bsf!ifme!up!b!ijhifs!mfwfm!pg!bddpvoubcjmjuz!cz!uif!dpef!pg!fuijdt!xf!bsf!evuz.
31:!cpvoe!up!gpmmpx!boe!uibu!ipoftuz-!usbotqbsfodz!boe!qspgfttjpobmjtn!bu!uif!ijhiftu!dbmjcfs!
321!tipvme!cf!tusjwfe!gps!boe!fyqfdufe!cz!fbdi!pg!vt/!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!xjtift!up!dmbsjgz!
uxp!
322!!uibu-!jo!pvs!pqjojpo-!tjhojgjdboumz!mfe!up!uif!njtiboemjoh!pg!uif!bsu!nbslfst/!
pddvsfodft
323!Gjstu-!uif!bttfsujpo!nbef!cz!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!Tufwf!Ljoh!bu!uif!Nbsdi!25!3132!djuz!
324!dpvodjm!nffujoh!xifo!uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!bsu!nbslfst!xbt!cfjoh!qsftfoufe-!dpotjefsfe!boe!
325!tvctfrvfoumz!qbttfe!cz!b!nbkpsjuz!dpvodjm!wpuf!ibqqfofe!xjuipvu!befrvbuf!jogpsnbujpo!cfjoh!
326!qspwjefe!up!dpvodjm!evsjoh!uif!efmjcfsbujpo!qibtf!pg!uif!npujpo/!!Bu!uibu!nffujoh!Ns/!Ljoh!
327!qsftfoufe!b!uipspvhi!boe!efubjmfe!qspqptbm-!dpnqmfuf!xjui!tfwfsbm!jnbhft!boe!nbqt!pg!
328!qspqptfe!mpdbujpot!gps!uif!bsu!nbslfst-!jodmvejoh!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Ijtupsjdbm!Qsftfswbujpo!
329!Dpnnjuuff!)IQD*!sfwfbmjoh!uibu!bu!mfbtu!IQD!xbt!bqqspqsjbufmz!bqqspbdife!boe!uifjs!joqvu!
32:!xbt!btlfe!gps/!Cvu!bgufs!ijt!fyqmbobujpo!pg!uif!qspdftt!hpof!uispvhi!up!bdrvjsf!IQDÉt!Ætjho!
331!pgg-Ç!Ns/!Ljoh!sfhsfuubcmz!ejtnjttfe!QUBDÉt!spmf!cz!ufmmjoh!dpvodjm-!ÆJo!uif!dbtf!pg!bsu-!
332!tfdujpo!4/61!pg!uif!djuz!dpef!hjwft!uibu!gjobm!bvuipsjuz!up!uif!djuz!dpvodjm/Ç!!Xibu!Ns/!Ljoh!
333!eje!opu!djuf!evsjoh!ijt!djsdvnwfoujoh!pg!QUBDÉt!spmf!uibu!fwfojoh!jt!uif!tfdpoe!tfoufodf!jo!
334!uibu!qbsbhsbqi!gspn!QUND!4/61!xijdi!tubuft-!ÆUif!djuz!dpvodjm!joejdbuft!jut!joufoujpo!up!vtf!
335!b!tfmfdujpo!qspdftt!boe!qvcmjd!qspdftt!xijdi!jodpsqpsbuft!nfncfst!pg!uif!djuzÉt!bsut!
336!dpnnjttjpo-!boe!xijdi!qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!djuj{fot!up!dpnnfou!po!boz!btqfdu!pg!
337!gvoejoh-!qvsdibtf-!fsfdujpo-!tjujoh!boe!jotubmmbujpo!pg!xpslt!pg!qvcmjd!bsu/Ç!!Xijmf!juÉt!
338!voefstuboebcmf!uibu!Ns/!Ljoh!nbz!ibwf!joufsqsfufe!uif!xpset!Ægjobm!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!
339!bvuipsjuz-Ç!up!nfbo!uibu!dpvodjm!dpvme!ps!tipvme!efdjef!po!jut!pxo!xjuipvu!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!
33:!joqvu-!juÉt!jnqpsubou!up!lopx!xifuifs!ps!opu!if!nbef!ijt!njtjoufsqsfubujpo!cbtfe!po!ijt!pxo!
341!sfbejoh!pg!uif!dpef!ps!jg!if!xbt!njtbewjtfe!po!uif!nbuufs/!!Uif!mbuufs!tffnt!up!cf!uif!dbtf!
342!tjodf!bu!pvs!Opwfncfs!QBD!nffujoh!bu!QUBDÉt!Pdupcfs!nffujoh-!Djuz!Buupsofz!Hsffoxppe!
343!sftqpoefe!up!uijt!wfsz!rvftujpo!sbjtfe!cz!bsut!dpnnjttjpofst!cz!bttfsujoh!uibu!ifs!
344!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!4/61!jt!kvtu!bt!Ns/!Ljoh!tubufe-!uibu!dpvodjm!ibt!Ægjobm!efdjtjpo!nbljoh!
345!bvuipsjuzÇ!boe!dbo!vojmbufsbmmz!efdjef!po!bsu!nbuufst!!joqvu!gspn!QUBD/!Xifo!btlfe!
xjuipvu
!8!
!
346!jg!uif!xpse!ÆgjobmÇ!njhiu!jogfs!uibu!qsjps!tufqt!dpvme!ps!tipvme!cf!ublfo-!Nt/!Hsffoxppe!
347!sfjufsbufe!ifs!qptjujpo!uibu!dpvodjm!nbz!bdu!bt!ju!eje!boe!uibu!tif!xpvme!dpoujovf!up!bewjtf!
348!uifn!bt!tvdi/!Dpotfrvfoumz-!boe!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!Ns/!LjohÉt!tjohmjoh!pvu!pomz!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!
349!dpef!up!qsftfou!up!dpvodjm!po!uif!ojhiu!uif!npujpo!xbt!nbef!up!tjuf!uif!bsu!nbslfst!po!jo!uif!
34:!qvcmjd!sjhiu.pg.xbz!xjuipvu!bsut!dpnnjttjpo!joqvu-!boe!xjuipvu!b!dmbsjgjdbujpo!bu!uibu!ujnf!bt!
351!up!uif!dpssfdu!dpoufyuvbm!joufou!pg!dpef!4/61!cfjoh!qspwjefe!cz!Djuz!Buupsofz!Hsffoxppe!
352!evsjoh!uif!qsftfoubujpo-!uif!dpvodjm!npujpo!qbttfe!vobojnpvtmz/!!QUBD!epft!opu!bhsff!xjui!
353!Djuz!Buupsofz!HsffoxppeÉt!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!dpef!up!nfbo!uibu!Ægjobm!bvuipsjuzÇ!nfbot!
354!vojmbufsbm!qsjwjmfhf-!boe!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!dpvodjm!sffybnjof!uif!xpsejoh!pg!4/61!up!fjuifs!
355!fyqboe-!dmbsjgz!ps!sfbggjsn!uibu!dpvodjm!epft!joeffe!joufoe!jt!up!tffl!bewjdf!gspn!uifjs!
356!bqqpjoufe!bsu!fyqfsut!po!bmm!bsut.sfmbufe!jttvft-!bt!4/61!dmfbsmz!joejdbuft!tvdi!qspdfevsft!
357!tipvme!cf!pvs!cftu!qpmjdz/!
358!Tfdpoe-!QUBD!gffmt!evuz.cpvoe!up!csjoh!up!dpvodjmÉt!buufoujpo!Djuz!Buupsofz!HsffoxppeÉt!
359!bttfsujpo!bu!pvs!Opwfncfs!QBD!nffujoh!uibu!4/61Ét!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!uifsf!jt!b!Æqvcmjd!
35:!qspdftt!up!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!djuj{fot!up!dpnnfou!po!uif!jotubmmbujpo!pg!qvcmjd!bsuÇ!xbt!
361!bduvbmmz!tbujtgjfe!cz!uif!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!pqqpsuvojuz!bu!uif!gspou!foe!pg!uif!dpvodjm!
362!nffujoh!xifsf!uif!bsu!nbslfu!qsftfoubujpot!uppl!qmbdf/!!Qspcmfnbujd!jo!ifs!sfbejoh!pg!uif!
363!dpef!jo!uijt!xbz!jt!uibu!jg!uif!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!)jo!xijdi!rvftujpot!dbo!pomz!cf!
364!sftqpoefe!up!bu!uif!ejtdsfujpo!pg!uif!nbzps*!jt!uibu!ju!jt!b!ivhf!efqbsuvsf!gspn!qsfdfefou!tfu!
365!evsjoh!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!qsjps!qvcmjd!bsu!qmbdfnfou!)epxoupxoÉt!Tbmjti!Tfb!Djsdmf-!VqupxoÉt!
366!Hsfbu!Cmvf*/!Jo!uiptf!jotubodft-!uif!qvcmjd!ibe!cffo!hjwfo!qmfouz!pg!opujdf!boe!jogpsnbujpo!
367!wjb!uif!mpdbm!qsftt-!bo!Æpqfo!ipvtfÇ!ibe!cffo!bssbohfe!jo!xijdi!djuj{fot!xfsf!jowjufe!)bu!uif!
368!Qpqf!Nbsjof!cvjmejoh-!ps!Dpuupo!Cvjmejoh*!boe!b!R'B!tfttjpo!xbt!ifme!boe!iptufe!cz!uif!
369!QBD!xjui!djuz!efqbsunfou!pggjdjbmt!boe!fwfo!uif!bsujtu!jo!buufoebodf/!!QUBD!dbo!dpngpsubcmz!
36:!bewjtf!dpvodjm!ifsf!uibu!jg!tvdi!dpvsufpvt!dpnnvojuz!pvusfbdi!fyijcjufe!jo!uiptf!qsjps!qvcmjd!
371!bsu!qspkfdut!xfsf!up!cf!sfqmbdfe!cz!Nt/!HsffoxppeÉt!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!qmbo!bt!bo!
372!befrvbuf!nfuipe!pg!fohbhjoh!uif!qvcmjd!jo!qvcmjd!bsu!ejtdpvstf-!uibu!pvs!3134!tusbufhjd!
373!xpslqmbo!bmtp!cf!dibohfe!Ä!up!dsptt!pvu!uif!xpset-!ÆJowftu!jo!pvs!qfpqmf/!Cvjme!boe!ovsuvsf!
374!uif!dbqbdjuz!pg!pvs!tubgg-!ufbnt-!wpmvouffst-!bewjtpsz!cpbse!nfncfst-!Dpvodjmnfncfst!boe!
375!qbsuofstijqt!boe!qspwjef!uifn!uif!uppmtfut-!tljmmtfut-!boe!njoetfut!up!bdijfwf!npsf!uphfuifs/Ç!!
376!Jg!mjnjujoh!qvcmjd!jowpmwfnfou!up!4.njovuft!jt!uif!bewjdf!dpvodjm!gpmmpxt-!xf!tipvme!dibohf!
377!pvs!3134!tusbufhjd!xpslqmbo!up!fmjnjobuf!uif!qisbtf-!ÆFohbhf!pvs!dpnnvojuz/!Cvjme!cfzpoe!
378!opujgjdbujpo!boe!sftqpotf!up!npsf!effqmz!boe!jodmvtjwfmz!fohbhf!hspvoe!djwjd!ejbmphvf!boe!
!9!
!
379!djwjmjuz!boe!ljoeoftt/Ç!!Xf!dbo!fjuifs!hp!cbdl!up!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!cbdlsppn!nfuipet!pg!
37:!hpwfsonfou-!ps!fncsbdf!Djuz!Nbobhfs!NbvspÉt!ofx-!mpguz!wjtjpo!pg!jodmvtjwfoftt-!
381!dppqfsbujpo!boe!usbotqbsfodz-!cvu!opu!cpui/!
382!DPEF!DIBOHF!QSPQPTBM;!
383!Ju!jt!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!uibu!uijt!qpsujpo!QUND!4/61!cf!fyqboefe!boe!
384!dmbsjgjfe!up!jodmvef!wfscjbhf!uibu!fotvsft!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt!foubjm!befrvbuf!ujnf!gps!
385!djuj{fot!up!dpotjefs-!dpnnfou!boe!jorvjsf!bcpvu!xpslt!pg!bsu!uibu!bsf!joufoefe!up!cf!qmbdfe!jo!
386!pvs!qvcmjd!tqbdft-!bsu!uibu!gps!bmm!joufout!boe!qvsqptft!xjmm!cf!tjufe!gps!uif!sftu!pg!pvs!dvssfou!
387!hpwfsojoh!cpezÉt!mjgfujnft!boe!cfzpoe/!
388!BSU!NBSLFST;!XIBU!QUBD!SFDPNNFOET!OPX!
389!!
38:!Bgufs!ejtdvttjpo!po!uif!upqjd!boe!b!dbsfgvm!bobmztjt!pg!uif!dpeft!boe!qpmjdjft!uibu!jogpsn!pvs!
391!hpwfsonfou!po!uif!upqjd-!boe!jo!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!mjbcjmjuz!boe!dpqzsjhiu!dpodfsot!sbjtfe!
392!ifsfjo-!boe!bgufs!b!wpuf!cz!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!qbttjoh!bggjsnjoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!!jt!ju!
393!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!QUBD!uibu!uif!bsu!nbslfst!cf!sfnpwfe!gspn!uifjs!dvssfou!mpdbujpo/!!!
394!!
395!G!TUSFFU!TDVMUQVSFT!ÆNJMFTUPOFTÇ!
396!!
397!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!ibt!ef.bddfttjpofe!bsu!cfgpsf/!!Nptu!sfdfoumz!jo!311:!xifo!dpvodjm!wpufe!up!
398!sfnpwf!uif!nje.91t!fsb-!%311-111!Svui!Tfbwfz!Kbdltpo!Cfrvftu.gvoefe!Ujebm!Dmpdl!cfijoe!
399!uif!pme!qpmjdf!tubujpo-!opx!uif!Dpuupo!Cvjmejoh/!!Ef.bddfttjpojoh!jt!pgufo!vujmj{fe!bt!bo!
39:!botxfs!up!qspcmfnbujd!xpslt!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!uibu!dboÉu!cf!fbtjmz!sf.tjufe!ps!jg!fydfttjwf!
3:1!nbjoufobodf!ps!gbvmut!pg!eftjho!ps!xpslnbotijq!bsf!bqqbsfou!ps!efwfmpq!pwfs!ujnf/!!Xpslt!pg!
3:2!qvcmjd!bsu!nbz!bmtp!cf!ef.bddfttjpofe!jg!uifsf!jt!pwfsxifmnjoh!qvcmjd!pckfdujpo!up!uif!
3:3!bsuxpsl/!
3:4!!
3:5!XIZ!UIFTF!SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT!OPX!
3:6!Dpvodjm!njhiu!btl!xiz!pomz!opx!QUBDÉt!sfdpnnfoebujpot!bsf!cfjoh!nbef!up!beesftt!tpnf!
3:7!pg!uiftf!jttvft!bgufs!juÉt!cffo!tjodf!Nbsdi!3132!xifo!uijoht!tubsufe!up!hp!bxsz/!Uipvhi!uif!
3:8!jttvft!ibwf!cffo!cspvhiu!vq!gps!nboz!npouit!bu!sfhvmbs!QUBD!cvtjoftt!nffujoht-!uif!qvcmjd!
!:!
!
3:9!bsu.obuvsf!pg!uif!tvckfdu!nbuufs!xbt!effnfe!up!cf!uif!cvtjoftt!pg!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff-!
3::!xiptf!qpmjdz.esjwfo!qbui!gpsxbse!jt!up!nblf!sfdpnnfoebujpot!up!QUBD-!xip!uifo!sfwjfxt!
411!boe!gpsxbset!uiptf!sfdpnnfoebujpot!up!dpvodjm!boe!uif!djuz!nbobhfs/!Ipxfwfs!vshfou!xf!
412!gfmu!uif!offe!up!bewjtf!dpvodjm!fbsmjfs!uipvhi-!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!xbt!opu!bmmpxfe!up!
413!nffu!voujm!kvtu!mbtu!npoui/!XfÉe!cffo!upme!cz!djuz!tubgg!gps!bmnptu!b!zfbs!uibu!uifsf!kvtu!xfsf!
414!opu!fopvhi!tubgg!sftpvsdft!bwbjmbcmf!up!bmmpx!gps!b!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!nffujoh!jo!beejujpo!
415!up!uif!podf.npouimz!sfhvmbs!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!nffujoh!bmsfbez!po!uif!dbmfoebs-!fwfo!bgufs!pvs!
416!sfqfbufe!jotjtufodf!uibu!b!Æqvcmjd!bsu!dsjtjtÇ!xbt!cfjoh!gbdfe!cz!pvs!djuz!jo!sfmbujpo!up!uif!bsu.
417!nbslfs!qspcmfn!boe!uif!qvcmjd!sftqpotf!up!uifn!Ä!b!qspcmfn!uibu!dmfbsmz!joejdbufe!up!vt!uif!
418!vshfou!offe!gps!uif!djuzÉt!bsu!fyqfsut!up!gpsnvmbuf!sfdpnnfoebujpot!up!cftu!bewjtf!dpvodjm/!!
419!Gsvtusbujohmz-!opu!voujm!uif!ijsjoh!pg!ofx!Djuz!Dmfsl!Mpoojf!Njdlmf!b!dpvqmf!npouit!bhp!xbt!
41:!uif!Qvcjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!hjwfo!uif!hp.bifbe!cz!djuz!tubgg!up!dpowfof!up!ublf!vq!uif!
421!ejtdvttjpo!bcpvu!uif!bsu!nbslfst!boe!uif!tubuf!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe/!!!
422!!
423!B!GVMM!QMBUF!!
424!!
425!QUBD!sfbmj{ft!uibu!pvs!qmbuf!jt!opx!gvmm!xjui!uif!jttvft!xfÉwf!sfqpsufe!po!ifsf!bmpoh!xjui!
426!uifjs!bttpdjbufe!sfdpnnfoebujpot!up!dpvodjm/!!Xf!bdlopxmfehf!uibu!uifsf!bsf!puifs!qsfttjoh!
427!bsut!sfmbufe!cvtjoftt!nbuufst!xf!offe!up!beesftt-!tpnf!npsf!qsfttjoh!uibo!puifst/!!Pof!nbkps-!
428!qsfttjoh!upqjd!jt!uibu!pg!uif!2&!gps!uif!bsut!qpmjdz!uibu!jt!xsjuufo!jo!up!pvs!djuz!dpef!gps!bmm!
429!dbqjubm!qspkfdut/!!Ju!jt!pvs!sfdpnnfoebujpo!uibu!dpvodjm!sfwjtju!QUND!4/61!boe!cf!qspbdujwfmz!
42:!sfbdi!pvu!up!QUBD!jo!b!dppqfsbujwf!nboofs!sbuifs!uibo!xbjujoh!gps!vt!up!jojujbuf!uif!usbotgfs!
431!pg!uif!gvoet!up!uif!nvojdjqbm!bsu!gvoe-!gvoet!fbsnbslfe!gps!uif!bewbodfnfou!pg!dvmuvsbm!boe!
432!bsujtujd!qsphsbnt!jo!pvs!djuz/!!Xifo!Dpvodjmqfstpo!Spxf!cspvhiu!uijt!vq!bu!uif!sfdfou!
433!sfbejoh!pg!uif!qspqptfe!3134!cvehfu!evsjoh!b!dpvodjm!nffujoh-!op!pof!qsftfou!tffnfe!up!
434!fwfo!lopx!xibu!if!xbt!ubmljoh!bcpvu/!!JuÉt!opu!kvtu!uif!kpc!pg!QUBD!up!jefoujgz!uiftf!dbqjubm!
435!jnqspwfnfou!qspkfdu!gvoet-!cvu!bmtp!uif!sftqpotjcjmjuz!pg!djuz!tubgg!up!cf!bdrvbjoufe!xjui!xibu!
436!4/61!tbzt!tp!uifz!dbo!bttjtu!vt!jo!lffqjoh!dpvodjm!jogpsnfe!pg!uif!mbx/!
437!!
438!DPVOU!PO!VT!
439!!
43:!Efbs!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!xfÉwf!hpu!b!mpu!pg!xpsl!up!ep/!!XfÉsf!dpnqfufou-!lopxmfehfbcmf!boe!vq!
441!up!uif!ubtl/!!Zfu!xfÉsf!ibntusvoh!cz!pomz!cfjoh!bcmf!up!nffu!podf!b!npoui!boe!gps!b!tipsu!
442!ujnf!up!ep!b!upo!pg!xpsl/!Beejujpobmmz-!pvs!fwfsz.puifs!npoui!gvoejoh!tdifevmf!nfbot!uibu!
!21!
!
443!xf!ibwf!pomz!23!ipvst!qfs!zfbs!up!efejdbuf!up!opo.gvoejoh!jttvft/!!Ju!jt!pvs!sfdpnnfoebujpo!
444!uibu!dpvodjm!jotusvdu!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs!up!bmmpdbuf!npsf!sftpvsdft!up!ifmq!vt!nbobhf!uif!
445!xpslmpbe!xfÉsf!opx!gbdfe!xjui!bgufs!cfjoh!qsfwfoufe!gspn!nffujoh!gps!tp!mpoh/!!Xf!bsf!bsu!
446!fyqfsut-!opu!mfhbm!dpef!bobmztut!ps!wjpmbujpo!jowftujhbupst/!Mfu!vt!ep!pvs!kpct!uibu!xfÉsf!nfbou!
447!up!ep/!Qmfbtf!ejsfdu!djuz!tubgg!up!bttjtu!vt-!tvqqpsu!vt-!xpsl!dppqfsbujwfmz!xjui!vt/!!Ifmq!vt!ep!
448!uif!sftfbsdi!boe!qsftfoubujpot!po!uif!dbqjubm!jnqspwfnfou!2&!gps!uif!bsut!qspkfdut-!gps!
449!fybnqmf-!xpvme!cf!b!tnbsu!npwf!gpsxbse!gps!fwfszpof/!
!22!
!
2!+++ESBGU!mfuufs!up!Djuz!Dpvodjm!sfhbsejoh!njtublft!nbef!jo!uif!bqqspwbm!boe!tjujoh!pg!uxp!
3!sfdfou!qvcmjd!bsu!xpslt!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe+++!
4!!
5!28!OPW-!3133-!sfwjtfe!24!GFC!3134!
6!Up;!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Djuz!Dpvodjm!
7!Gs;!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!
8!!
9!!
:!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!
21!!
ÆJg!zpv!nblf!b!njtublf!boe!ep!opu!dpssfdu!ju-!uijt!jt!dbmmfe!b!njtublf/Ç!!
22!!
23!!
24!PVS!QVCMJD!BSU!NJTUBLFT;!
25!!
26!Pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!zfbst-!uif!fyqfsujtf!boe!tfswjdft!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!up!uif!djuz!cz!pvs!Qpsu!
27!Upxotfoe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!)QUBD*!ibwf!opu!cffo!ubqqfe!jo!pvs!djuzÉt!ujnf!pg!offe/!
28!Sfhsfuubcmz-!QUBD!ibt!jotufbe!cffo!hspttmz!voefsvujmj{fe!boe!pvusjhiu!djsdvnwfoufe!bu!uif!
29!fybdu!ujnf!pvs!djuzÉt!bsu.bdrvjtjujpo!qspdfevsft!sfrvjsfe!boe!dpvme!cftu!cfofgju!gspn!QUBD!
2:!qbsujdjqbujpo/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!njttjoh!boe!ejtjogpsnbujpo!xbt!qspwjefe!up!Dpvodjm!bu!dsvdjbm!
31!npnfout!evsjoh!ejtdvttjpot!bcpvu!qvcmjd!bsu!up!cf!jotubmmfe!jo!upxo/!!Jodpssfdu!joufsqsfubujpot!
32!pg!djuz!dpef!sftvmufe!jo!njtublft!cfjoh!nbef!jo!uif!tfmfdujpo!boe!tjujoh!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!po!pvs!
33!tusffut/!!Uiftf!njtublft!ibwf!hspxo!jo!up!npsf!njtublft!xijdi!ibwf!zfu!up!cf!sftpmwfe!boe!
34!ibwf!sftvmufe!jo!b!tjhojgjdboumz!ejnjojtife!wjfx!pg!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!bt!uif!Æbsut!dpnnvojuzÇ!
35!uibu!ju!upvut!jutfmg!up!cf/!!!
36!!
37!Tjodf!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!pqfomz!bewfsujtft!jutfmg!bt!bo!Æbsut!dpnnvojuz-Ç!QUBD!gffmt!ju!ibt!b!
38!vojrvf!evuz!up!qfsgpsn!jut!dibsufs!gvodujpo!pg!!Æbdu\\joh^!jo!bo!bewjtpsz!dbqbdjuz!up!uif!Djuz!
39!hpwfsonfou!jo!dpoofdujpo!xjui!uif!bsujtujd!boe!dvmuvsbm!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Djuz/Ç!!Bddpsejoh!
3:!up!DpvodjmÉt!gpvoejoh!sftpmvujpo!uibu!gjstu!ftubcmjtife!QUBD!zfbst!bhp-!nfncfst!bsf!
41!tqfdjgjdbmmz!diptfo!Æcbtfe!po!uifjs!lopxmfehf!boe!fyqfsujtf!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!qfsgpsnjoh-!
42!wjtvbm!boe!mjufsbsz!bsut/Ç!!Zfu!fyqfsu!bewjdf!dbo!pomz!cf!ifmqgvm!up!Dpvodjm!jg!uifsf!jt!sppn!gps!
43!ju!cf!qspwjefe-!boe!bo!fbs!xjmmjoh!up!ifbs!ju!boe!djuz!tubgg!bcmf!up!joufsqsfu!uif!bsu!qpmjdjft!boe!
44!dpeft!bddvsbufmz!boe!bt!joufoefe/!!UibuÉt!xiz!pvs!djuz!dpef!tujqvmbuft!uibu!qvcmjd!bsu!nbuufst!
45!cf!sfwjfxfe!cz!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!cfgpsf!Dpvodjm!bdujpo!ublft!qmbdf!po!uif!tvckfdu/!!
!2!
!
46!Xifo!Dpvodjm!bdut!bmpof!po!bsu!nbuufst!xjuipvu!dpotvmujoh!uifjs!bsu!fyqfsut-!xijdi!ibt!
47!ibqqfofe!sfdfoumz-!efdjtjpot!bsf!njtublfomz!nbef!xjuipvu!qspqfs!bewjdf!cfjoh!qspwjefe!boe!
48!mbshfs!qspcmfnt!pgufo!sftvmu/!!!
49!!
4:!QUBD!xfmdpnft!b!gsbol!ejtdvttjpo!bcpvu!opu!pomz!uif!dvssfou!tubuf!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!Qpsu!
51!Upxotfoe!uibu!xbt!njtublfomz!djufe-!cvu!bmtp!b!ejtdvttjpo!bcpvu!xifsf!xf!cfmjfwf!efwjbujpot!
52!gspn!qpmjdz!pddvssfe!pwfs!uif!mbtu!uxp!zfbst!sftvmujoh!jo!pvs!dvssfou!bxsz!tubuf/!!Podf!bo!
53!voefstuboejoh!pg!xibu!xfou!xspoh!dbo!cf!ftubcmjtife-!xf!dbo!lopx!xibu!opu!ep!up!jo!uif!
54!gvuvsf/!!Xf!dbo!bobmz{f!xibu!spvuf)t*!tipvme!ibwf!cffo!ublfo!up!ifmq!voefstuboe!ipx!xf!
55!dpvme!ibwf!bwpjefe!pvs!nptu!sfdfou!njtublft!boe!uifo!xpsl!uphfuifs!xjui!Dpvodjm!boe!djuz!
56!tubgg!up!nblf!tvsf!xf!epoÉu!nblf!tjnjmbs!njtublft!jo!uif!gvuvsf/!!QUBD!ipmet!gjsn!uibu!jg!pvs!
57!dpef!jt!gpmmpxfe!boe!pvs!ftubcmjtife!qpmjdjft!bsf!qsbdujdfe-!xf!nbz!obwjhbuf!b!cfuufs!qbui!
58!gpsxbse!xijmf!voefsubljoh!uif!cvtjoftt!pg!tfmfdujoh-!gvoejoh!boe!tjujoh!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!pvs!
59!upxo/!
5:!!
61!QVSQPTF!PG!UIJT!MFUUFS;!
62!!
63!Uijt!mfuufs!joufoet!up!fyqmbjo;!2*!Xibu!xfou!xspoh!xjui!qvcmjd!bsu!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!zfbst!
64!)up!mfbso!gspn!pvs!qbtu*-!3*!Xibu!tipvme!ibwf!ibqqfofe!xjui!qvcmjd!bsu!pwfs!uif!mbtu!dpvqmf!
65!zfbst!)up!cfuufs!voefstuboe!xibu!tipvme!ibwf!ibqqfofe*-!boe!4*!Xibu!up!ep!bcpvu!qvcmjd!bsu!
66!opx!)up!njujhbuf!uif!ibsn!epof!boe!hfu!cbdl!po!usbdl!xjui!ipx!uijoht!bsf!tvqqptfe!up!cf*/!
67!!
68!UXP!SFDFOU!JOTUBODFT!PG!QSPDFEVSBM!EFWJBUJPOT!SFTVMUJOH!JO!
69!QVCMJD!BSU!NJTUBLFT;!!!
6:!2.CMBDL!MJWFT!NBUUFS!TUSFFU!BSU!
71!3.DSFBUJWF!EJTUSJDU!BSU!NBSLFST!
72!!
73!2.CMBDL!MJWFT!NBUUFS!TUSFFU!BSU;!
74!!
75!Uif!gjstu!djsdvnwfoujoh!pg!QUBDÉt!dpef.ftubcmjtife!spmf!)jo!sfdfou!ijtupsz*!pddvssfe!jo!Kvof!
76!pg!3131!xifo!Dpvodjm!xbt!bqqspbdife!cz!bo!jnqbttjpofe!djuj{fo!hspvq!xboujoh!up!jotubmm!
77!tusffu!bsu!po!Xbufs!Tusffu!gps!uif!Kvofuffoui!dfmfcsbujpo-!dpjodjejoh!xjui!tjnjmbs!fwfout!
78!ibqqfojoh!obujpoxjef/!!Bo!vshfou!Ætqfdjbm!nffujohÇ!xbt!dbmmfe!boe!xjuijo!b!dpvqmf!ebzt!
79!QUBD!dpowfofe!bu!tipsu!opujdf!up!beesftt!uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!gvoejoh!pg!uif!xpsl/!Uif!
!3!
!
7:!qspqptbm!ipxfwfs!xbt!opu!qsftfoufe!up!QUBD!bt!bo!bsuxpsl!tffljoh!tjujoh!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sfbmn!
81!)bt!sfrvjsfe!qfs!Djuz!dpef0qpmjdz!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsft*-!
82!jotufbe!uif!sfrvftu!qsftfoufe!up!QUBD!bu!uif!tqfdjbm!nffujoh!xbt!pomz!gps!gvoejoh!tvqqpsu/!
83!Dpvodjm!ibe!njtublfomz!bmsfbez!bqqspwfe!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!uif!bsu!po!uif!tusffu!bu!uifjs!
84!sfhvmbs!cvtjoftt!nffujoh!b!gfx!ebzt!qsjps-!fttfoujbmmz!djsdvnwfoujoh!uifjs!pxo!qvcmjd!bsu!
85!qpmjdz!sfrvjsjoh!uibu!tvdi!jttvft!gjstu!cf!tfou!up!QUBD!)QUND!4/61*/!
86!!
87!Ibe!uif!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbm!cffo!qsftfoufe!up!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!boe!sfwjfxfe!cfgpsf!
88!tjujoh!bddpsejoh!up!djuz!qpmjdz-!wjubm!rvftujpot!bcpvu!uif!bsu!jutfmg!xpvme!tvsfmz!ibwf!cffo!
89!npsf!uipspvhimz!ejtdvttfe-!bt!tvdi!b!sfwjfx!jt!bshvbcmz!QBDÉt!nbjo!gvodujpo!bu!boz!bsu.
8:!qspqptbm!tubhf/!!Tjodf!QUBDÉt!spmf!jo!uijt!sfhbse!xbt!djsdvnwfoufe-!njtublft!jo!jut!bqqspwbm!
91!xfsf!nbef/!!Uif!qspqptbm!uibu!Dpvodjm!bqqspwfe!xjuipvu!uif!bewjdf!pg!QUBD!ibe!dmbjnfe!
92!uibu!ÆdibmlÇ!xpvme!cf!vtfe-!fwfo!uipvhi!qbjou!xbt!vmujnbufmz!bqqmjfe!up!uif!tusffu!jotufbe/!!
93!Dpodfsot!sbjtfe!cz!QUBD!evsjoh!pvs!gvoejoh!efmjcfsbujpo!pwfs!ibsngvm!svopgg!upyjot!jo!up!
94!Qvhfu!Tpvoe!xfsf!uifsfgpsf!opu!ublfo!jo!up!dpotjefsbujpo!tjodf!uif!jotubmmbujpo!ibe!bmsfbez!
95!cffo!bqqspwfe!cz!Dpvodjm/!!Qjdupsjbm!jnbhfsz0tvckfdu!nbuufs!dpodfsot!ejtdvttfe!bu!uif!QUBD!
96!tqfdjbm!nffujoh!xfsf!opu!ublfo!jo!up!dpotjefsbujpo!cz!Dpvodjm/!!Efgbdfnfou-!wboebmjtn-!
97!nbjoufobodf!boe!mjbcjmjuz!dpodfsot!uibu!QUBD!bsf!ubtlfe!up!sbjtf!boe!ejtdvtt!up!uif!cfofgju!pg!
98!Dpvodjm!xfsf!bmtp!opu!beesfttfe/!!Uiftf!dpotjefsbujpo!gbdupst!uibu!xfsf!pwfsmpplfe!bsf!
99!fttfoujbmmz!QUBDÉt!tqfdjbmuz<!pvs!fyqfsjfodf!xjui!boe!lopxmfehf!bcpvu!bsu!jo!uif!qvcmjd!
9:!sfbmn!jt!fybdumz!xiz!uifsfÉt!bo!bewjtpsz!cpez!jo!qmbdf!up!ifmq!hvjef!dpvodjm!po!tvdi!nbuufst/!
:1!Xifo!dpvodjm!bqqspwft!qspkfdut!cfgpsf!QUBD!ibt!ibe!b!dibodf!up!bewjtf!ipxfwfs-!uifsfÉt!bo!
:2!jodsfbtfe!dibodf!pg!njtublft!cfjoh!nbef;!!jodsfbtfe!dptut!gps!nbjoufobodf!boe!sfqbjs-!
:3!jodsfbtfe!mjbcjmjuz!jttvft!boe!ebnbhf!up!pvs!jefoujuz!bt!b!qsfnjfs!Æbsut!dpnnvojuz-Ç!boe!uif!
:4!bgpsfnfoujpofe!bxlxbse!gbdu!uibu!dpvodjm!xpvme!fttfoujbmmz!cf!djsdvnwfoujoh!uifjs!pxo!
:5!qvcmjd!bsu!qpmjdz/!
:6!!
:7!Ibe!Dpvodjm!opu!wpufe!up!bvuipsj{f!uif!nvsbm!xjuipvu!QUBDÉt!joqvu!bt!ju!eje-!uifsf!jt!tujmm!uif!
:8!dibodf!ju!nbz!ibwf!jotufbe!cffo!bqqspwfe!cz!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs!voefs!uif!qpsujpo!pg!QUND!
:9!4/61!xijdi!bvuipsj{ft!ijn!tpmf!ejtdsfujpo!jo!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!ufnqpsbsz!xpslt!Æopu!up!
::!fydffe!2!zfbs/Ç!!Uif!rvftujpo!bsjtft!uifo;!voefs!xibu!djsdvntubodft!tipvme!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs!
211!bqqspwf!bsu!xjuipvu!QUBD!joqvu!gps!vq!up!2!zfbs@!!Tvsfmz!uif!pcwjpvt!botxfs!jt!boe!tipvme!cf!
212!xifo!b!rvjdl.sftqpotf!dpoejujpo!fyjtut-!xijdi!xbt!uif!qfsdfjwfe!dbtf!xjui!uif!Cmbdl!Mjwft!
213!Nbuufs!nvsbm!qspqptbm!jo!xijdi!uif!pshboj{fst!ibe!kvtu!ebzt!up!qmbo!.!tjodf!uif!nvsbmÉt!
!4!
!
214!qmbdfnfou!xbt!up!dpjodjef!xjui!puifs!Kvof.uffoui!fwfout!obujpoxjef!uif!gpmmpxjoh!xfflfoe/!!
215!Cvu!QUBDÉt!efnpotusbufe!bcjmjuz!up!dpowfof!b!rvpsvn!pg!Dpnnjttjpofst!boe!sftqpoe!up!uif!
216!Cmbdl!Mjwft!Nbuufs!tusffu!bsu!qspqptbm!xjuijo!b!gfx!ebzt!pg!jut!jodfqujpo!jt!b!dmfbs!
217!efnpotusbujpo!uibu!vshfodz!tipvme!opu!ofdfttbsjmz!cf!b!gbdups!jo!b!efdjtjpo!up!djsdvnwfou!
218!QUBDÉt!spmf!jo!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!boz!qvcmjd!bsu!cz!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs-!ftqfdjbmmz!xifo!juÉt!
219!dmfbs!uibu!QUBDÉt!jowpmwfnfou!xpvme!sftvmu!jo!nbljoh!b!cfuufs.jogpsnfe!efdjtjpo/!!Ju!
21:!uifsfgpsf!nblft!op!tfotf!uibu!QUND!4/61!tipvme!dpoubjo!uif!qisbtf!bmmpxjoh!uif!Djuz!
221!Nbobhfs!tpmf!ejtdsfujpo!jo!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!ufnqpsbsz!xpslt!Æopu!up!fydffe!2!zfbsÇ!vomftt!
222!uif!bcjmjuz!up!bdrvjsf!bewjdf!gspn!uif!upxoÉt!bsu!fyqfsut!jt!opu!qpttjcmf!ps!gfbtjcmf/!!Boz!
223!efdjtjpo!uibu!bggfdut!pvs!djuj{fot!gps!boz!bnpvou!pg!ujnf-!ftqfdjbmmz!boe!jodmvejoh!Ævq!up!2!
224!zfbsÇ!tipvme!cf!cbtfe!po!hppe!jogpsnbujpo!boe!fyqfsu!bewjdf!jg!bwbjmbcmf!boe!jg!tvdi!
225!dpotjefsbujpot!dbo!cf!qspdvsfe!jo!b!ujnfmz!nboofs/!!Tjodf!QUBD!ibt!qspwfo!juÉt!bcmf!up!
226!sftqpoe!rvjdlmz!boe!tjodf!pvs!bewjdf!jodsfbtft!uif!dibodf!pg!cfuufs!bsu.jttvf!efdjtjpot!cfjoh!
227!nbef-!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!sfdpnnfoet!up!dpvodjm!uibu!bmm!efdjtjpot!up!qmbdf!boz!bsu!jo!uif!qvcmjd!
228!sfbmn!cf!gjstu!qsftfoufe!up!uif!djuzÉt!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!gps!sfwjfx/!
229!!
22:!QUBD!SFDPNNFOEBUJPO!.!DPEF!DIBOHF;!
231!!
232!Jo!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!sfdfou!bsu.qmbdfnfou!fsspst!djsdvnwfoujoh!uif!spmf!pg!uif!Qpsu!
233!Upxotfoe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo-!boe!lopxjoh!uibu!qsfdfefou!tipxt!uibu!b!rvpsvn!pg!
234!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!boe!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!nfncfst!dpvme!nffu!bu!tipsu!opujdf!jo!b!
235!vshfou!tjuvbujpo!up!beesftt!tvdi!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt!boe!tvqqmz!djuz!hpwfsonfou!xjui!
236!uif!fyqfsu!bewjdf!ju!offet!po!tvdi!nbuufst-!xifuifs!vshfou!ps!opu-!QUBD!qspqptft!b!
237!dibohf!up!QUND!4/61;!!uibu!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!ps!uif!Djuz!Nbobhfs-!ps!boz!puifs!djuz!
238!efqbsunfou!opu!bdu!po!uif!tfmfdujpo-!djujoh!ps!gvoejoh!pg!bsu!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sfbmn!
239!xjuipvu!gjstu!tffljoh!uif!bewjdf!pg!uif!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!boe!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!
23:!Dpnnjuuff-!bt!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Qpsu!UpxotfoeÉt!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!
241!Qspdfevsft/!!
242!!
243!3.BSU!NBSLFS!TDVMQUVSFT;!
244!Cfgpsf!beesfttjoh!uif!njtublft!nbef!xjui!uif!Dsfbujwf!EjtusjduÉt!bsu!nbslfst-!juÉt!jnqpsubou!
245!up!gjstu!bdlopxmfehf!uibu!QUBD!sfbmj{ft!uibu!fwfszpof!jowpmwfe!jo!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!uif!bsu!
246!nbslfst!uibu!bsf!tjufe!po!qvcmjd!qspqfsuz!bspvoe!upxo!xfsf!xfmm.joufoujpofe!boe!qbsujdjqbout!
!5!
!
247!eje!uifjs!cftu!up!ifmq!cspbefo!uif!bxbsfoftt!pg!uif!bsut!jo!pvs!dpnnvojuz!boe!dfmfcsbuf!
248!xpsljoh!bsujtut/!!JuÉt!bmtp!bdlopxmfehfe!cz!QUBD!uibu!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!djuj{fo!hspvq-!
249!Djuz!Dpvodjm-!djuz!efqbsunfout!boe!uif!bsujtu!ijntfmg!ibe!b!xfmm.nfbojoh!pqujnjtujd!wjtjpo!pg!
24:!b!tpmvujpo!up!uif!dibmmfohf!pg!qspwjejoh!dsfbujwf!tjhobhf!up!dpnnfnpsbuf!pvs!ofx!
251!Xbtijohupo!Tubuf!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo!eftjhobujpo!bt!b!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu/!!Qbsu!pg!QUBDÉt!
252!ejggjdvmu!kpc!ipxfwfs-!boe!uibu!pg!jut!tvcdpnnjuuff-!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff-!jt!up!
253!tpnfujnft!cbmbodf!bsu!qspqptbmtÉ!mpguz.jefb!pqujnjtn!xjui!uif!hspvoejoh!sfbmjuz!pg!
254!nbjoufobodf!jttvft-!wboebmjtn!dpodfsot-!mjbcjmjuz!gbdupst!boe!puifs!wbsjbcmft-!jodmvejoh!
255!pwfsbmm!qvcmjd!qfsdfqujpo/!Qspqptbmt!gps!bsu!uibu!nbz!mppl!mjlf!b!sfbmmz!hppe!jefb!po!uif!
256!tvsgbdf-!ftqfdjbmmz!xifo!qsftfoufe!jo!b!mjnfmjhiu!dpoufyu!)bt!xbt!uif!dbtf!xjui!uif!bsu!nbslfs!
257!qsftfoubujpo!up!Dpvodjm!jo!Nbsdi!pg!3132*!bsf!tpnfujnft!sfkfdufe!ps!npejgjfe!gps!mphjtujdbm!
258!sfbtpot!uibu!fyjtu!cfofbui!uif!tvsgbdf/!!Uif!ibse!sfbmjuz!efufsnjojoh!gbdupst!cfofbui!uif!
259!tvsgbdf!bsf!cftu!qspwjefe!cz!uif!fyqfsut!xjui!fyqfsjfodf!jo!tvdi!nbuufst!boe!xip!bsf!
25:!gvoebnfoubmmz!ubtlfe!xjui!lopxjoh!tvdi!uijoht!tp!uifz!dbo!qbtt!hppe!jogpsnbujpo!bmpoh!up!
261!Dpvodjm!cfgpsf!efdjtjpot!bsf!nbef/!!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!nfncfst!boe!bsut!dpnnjttjpofst!
262!bsf!tqfdjgjdbmmz!tfmfdufe!cz!dpvodjm!gps!uiftf!fybdu!buusjcvuft<!uif!xpse!ÆfyqfsujtfÇ!jt!bduvbmmz!
263!vtfe!jo!uif!djuz!epdvnfout!ftubcmjtijoh!pvs!cpez/!!Bsu!qspqptbm!bobmztjt!boe!
264!sfdpnnfoebujpot!bsf!cftu!mfgu!vq!up!QUBD!nfncfst-!bt!op!puifs!foujuz-!pshboj{bujpo!ps!
265!joejwjevbmt!jo!upxo!bsf!cfuufs!frvjqqfe!up!ubdlmf!uif!ejggjdvmu!kpc!pg!wfuujoh!qvcmjd!bsu!
266!qspqptbmt!boe!sfmbzjoh!uifjs!gjoejoht!up!Dpvodjm/!!!
267!QUBD!bdlopxmfehft!uibu!Kpobi!UspqmfÉt!bsu!nbslfs!tdvmquvsft!bsf!jo!uifntfmwft!fybdumz!
268!xibu!xbt!cfjoh!btlfe!gps!cz!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!kvsz!uibu!tfmfdufe!ijn/!!QUBD!epft!opu!
269!xjti!up!nblf!b!ofhbujwf!kvehnfou!po!Uspqmf!ps!po!ijt!bdvnfo!bt!bo!bsujtu!ps!up!pggfs!b!dsjujdbm!
26:!bobmztjt!pg!uif!tdvmquvsft!qfs!tf/!Cvu!jotufbe!QUBD!xjtift!up!dpnnfou!ifsf!uibu!ibe!uif!
271!tfmfdujpo!qspdftt!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!bsuxpslt!bsf!tvqqptfe!up!hp!uispvhi!cfgpsf!uifjs!qmbdfnfou!
272!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sjhiu!pg!xbz!ibe!vogpmefe!qspqfsmz-!obnfmz!uif!qpmjdz.nboebufe!sfwjfx!cz!uif!
273!Bsujtu!Tfmfdujpo!Qbofm!qsftdsjcfe!cz!dpef!jo!QUÉt!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsf!
274!)qh!5*-!b!ejggfsfou!pvudpnf!xpvme!ibwf!nptu!bttvsfemz!ibwf!sftvmufe/!
275!!
276!Gjstu-!uif!hmbsjohmz!pcwjpvt!fssps!pg!tfmfdujoh!bsuxpsl!xjui!b!opo.dmfbobcmf!tvsgbdf!xpvme!
277!mjlfmz!ibwf!cffo!bwpjefe-!tjodf!uibuÉt!b!upqjd!ejtdvttfe!bu!mfohui!evsjoh!QBDÉt!wfuujoh!pg!bmm!
278!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt/!!Tvctfrvfoumz-!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!sbnqbou!fncfmmjtinfou!boe!ofwfs.dfbtjoh!
279!wboebmjtn!pg!uif!xpslt-!ebnbhf!uibu!dpvme!ibwf!cffo!qsfejdufe!cz!b!npsf!fyqfsjfodfe!
!6!
!
27:!tfmfdujpo!cpez!xbt!opu!gbdupsfe!jo!up!DpvodjmÉt!ejtdvttjpo!po!uif!nbslfst!cfgpsf!uifz!wpufe!
281!up!jotubmm!uifn!bspvoe!upxo/!!UifzÉwf!cffo!qbjoufe!b!ejggfsfou!dpmps!uibo!uif!bsujtu!joufoefe-!
282!boe!uibu!qbjou!ibt!opx!cffo!bqqmjfe!pwfs!boe!pwfs!bhbjo!bt!bo!buufnqu!up!ijef!uif!efgbdfnfou!
283!uifz!dpoujovf!up!foevsf/!!Uif!dvssfou!tubuf!pg!uifn!jt!sfhsfuubcmf;!uif!hsffo!qbjou!epft!opu!
284!dpwfs!qsjps!ebnbhf-!tubqmft!bsf!opu!sfnpwfe!cvu!jotufbe!ibtujmz!qbjoufe!pwfs-!hsbggjuj!tipxt!
285!uispvhi!uif!qbjou!po!tfwfsbm!xpslt!fwfo!bgufs!sfqbjoujoh-!qbjou!tqmbuufst!tvsspvoe!uif!xpslt!
286!po!uif!dfnfou!bspvoe!uif!nbslfst-!kpjofsz!boe!ufyuvsbm!efubjmt!uibu!xfsf!jnqpsubou!up!uif!
287!bsujtu!bsf!mptjoh!uifjs!bqqfbm!xjui!tp!nboz!mbzfst!pg!qbjou-!uif!RS!dpeft!ibwf!cffo!dibohfe!
288!cz!wboebmt!ejsfdujoh!wjfxfst0tdboofst!up!uif!Dvmu!pg!uif!Dmjupsjt!xfctjuf!po!tpnf!xpslt/!!
289!Xjuipvu!qspqfs!jmmvnjobujpo!boe!jo!uif!njeemf!pg!uif!tjefxbml-!mjbcjmjuz!dpodfsot!bcpvu!b!
28:!dpmmjtjpo!xjui!b!qfeftusjbo-!dzdmjtu!ps!tlbufcpbsefs!xpvme!tvsfmz!ibwf!cffo!cspvhiu!up!uif!
291!buufoujpo!pg!Dpvodjm!ibe!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!cffo!dpotvmufe!qsjps!up!uifjs!jotubmmbujpo/!
292!!
293!Tfdpoe-!dpodfquvbmmz-!uif!efdjtjpo!cz!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!up!sfqbjou!uifn!b!ebslfs!ufbm0hsffo!
294!dpmps!xbt!b!dpotjefsbcmf!njtublf!boe!ibt!fttfoujbmmz!dibohfe!uif!bsu!jutfmg/!!Uif!sfqfbufe!
295!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!dpbut!pg!qjhnfou!ibt!boe!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!voefsnjof!uif!tvsgbdf!ufyuvsf!eftjho!
296!fmfnfou!uibu!xbt!pof!pg!uif!dpsofstupof.dpodfqut!ejtdvttfe!cz!uif!bsujtu!pg!uif!xpslt!xifo!
297!uifz!xfsf!vowfjmfe/!!Uif!xpslt!bsf!b!tjhojgjdbou!efqbsuvsf!gspn!bsutjtuÉt!psjhjobm!wjtjpo<!
298!Uspqmf!psjhjobmmz!joufoefe!gps!uif!nbslfst!up!cf!ÆxijufxbtifeÇ!gpsnt!uibu!xpvme!xfbuifs!
299!obuvsbmmz!pwfs!uif!dpvstf!pg!uifjs!joufoefe!mjgfujnf!pg!31!zfbst/!!Jo!beejujpo!up!dibohjoh!uif!
29:!dpmps-!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!hspvq!ibt!bmtp!beefe!beejujpobm!tjhobhf!up!uif!xpslt!tjodf!uifz!
2:1!xfsf!jotubmmfe-!tjhobhf!gvsuifs!fyqmbjojoh!up!uif!wjfxfs!xibu!uif!bsu!jt/!!QUBD!xpvme!mjlf!up!
2:2!qpjou!pvu!up!Dpvodjm!uibu!juÉt!opu!b!ubtufgvm-!opsnbm!ps!mfhbm!qsbdujdf!up!dibohf!bo!bsujtuÉt!bsu!
2:3!podf!juÉt!bdrvjsfe/!
2:4!!
2:5!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt!jnqpsubou!gps!dpvodjm!up!sfbmj{f-!boe!mjlfmz!uif!evuz!pg!QUBD!up!qpjou!pvu-!uibu!
2:6!dfsubjo!dpqzsjhiu!wjpmbujpot!ibwf!pddvssfe!jo!uif!nbojqvmbujpo!pg!Ns/!UspqmfÉt!xpslt!bt!uifz!
2:7!bqqmz!voefs!uif!Wjtvbm!Bsujtut!Sjhiut!Bdu!pg!2::1!xijdi!pvs!mpdbm!dpef!sfgfsfodft!)tff!Qpsu!
2:8!Upxotfoe!Bsu!jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsf-!qh/!7*/!!Vojufe!Tubuft!dpef!28!VT!!
2:9!tfdujpo!4-!tvctfdujpo!)2*)C*!tubuft!uibu!bsujtut!sfubjo!uif!sjhiu!Æup!qsfwfou!uif!vtf!pg!ijt!ps!ifs!
2::!obnf!bt!uif!bvuips!pg!boz!xpsl!pg!wjtvbm!bsu!xijdi!if!ps!tif!eje!opu!dsfbuf-Ç!boe!tfdujpo!4-!
311!tvctfdujpo!)4*-!uibu!uif!bsujtu!Ætibmm!ibwf!uif!sjhiu!up!qsfwfou!boz!eftusvdujpo-!ejtupsujpo-!
312!nvujmbujpo-!ps!puifs!npejgjdbujpo!pg!uibu!xpsl!xijdi!xpvme!cf!qsfkvejdjbm!up!ijt!ps!ifs!ipops!
313!ps!sfqvubujpo-!boe!xijdi!jt!uif!sftvmu!pg!bo!joufoujpobm!ps!ofhmjhfou!bdu!ps!pnjttjpo!xjui!
!7!
!
314!sftqfdu!up!uibu!xpsl-!boe!boz!tvdi!eftusvdujpo-!ejtupsujpo-!nvujmbujpo-!ps!npejgjdbujpo!pg!uibu!
315!xpsl!jt!b!wjpmbujpo!pg!uibu!sjhiu/Ç!!QUBD!gvsuifs!dpotjefst!ju!juÉt!evuz!up!sfmbz!up!dpvodjm!uif!
316!dpodfso!uibu!uif!Djuz!pg!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!nbz!cf!dpnqmjdju!jo!uijt!wjpmbujpo!tjodf!Uif!Djuz!jt!
317!dvssfoumz!mjtufe!bt!cfjoh!ÆqbsuofstÇ!po!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!xfctjufÉt!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uif!
318!bsu!nbslfst-!jogpsnbujpo!ejsfdumz!mjolfe!uispvhi!uif!RS!dpeft!npvoufe!po!fbdi!pg!uif!
319!tdvmquvsft/!
31:!!
321!Mbtumz-!QUBD!xpvme!mjlf!up!bewjtf!dpvodjm!uibu!podf!bo!bsuxpsl!jt!bddfttjpofe!jo!up!uif!
322!qvcmjd!bsu!dpmmfdujpo!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe-!uif!djuz!uifo!pxot!uif!bsuxpsl-!fwfo!uipvhi!bsujtut!
323!sfubjo!dfsubjo!sjhiut/!Hfofsbmmz-!podf!b!nvojdjqbmjuz!ibt!bddfttjpofe!b!xpsl!jo!up!jut!
324!qfsnbofou!dpmmfdujpo-!ju!uifo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!tfmm-!usbef-!npwf!ps!eftuspz!bo!bsuxpsl!jo!jut!
325!dpmmfdujpo-!cvu!jt!tubuvupsjmz!qspijcjufe!gspn!bmufsjoh!ju-!bt!ibt!cffo!uif!dbtf!xjui!UspqmfÉt!bsu!
326!nbslfst/!!Fwfo!uipvhi!uif!Dsfbujwf!Ejtusjdu!nbz!pxo!ijt!xpslt-!uifz!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!sjhiu!up!
327!dibohf!uifn/!!Uif!Dsfbujwf!EjtusjduÉt!njujhbujoh!buufnqut!up!sfcsboe!boe!sfqbjou!uifn!pwfs!
328!uif!mbtu!gfx!npouit!jt!rvjuf!vovtvbm-!sfhsfuubcmf!boe!jo!cbe!ubtuf<!cfjoh!bo!Æbsu!upxoÇ!xf!nbz!
329!xbou!up!bmjho!pvstfmwft!xjui!b!npsf!sftqfdugvm!bqqspbdi!up!ipx!xf!bqqspbdi!qvcmjd!bsu-!ipx!
32:!xf!usfbu!djuj{fot!boe!ipx!up!cftu!sftqfdu!pvs!bsujtut/!!!
331!!
332!QSJWBUF!BSU!JO!QVCMJD!WT!QVCMJD!BSU!JO!QVCMJD!;!
333!!
334!Tp!uif!rvftujpo!uifo!bsjtft!bt!up!xifuifs!uiftf!bsf!qsjwbuf!bsuxpslt!ps!qvcmjd!bsuxpslt/!!Uifz!
335!vorvftujpobcmz!bsf!po!qvcmjd!qspqfsuz!boe!qspcmfnbujdbmmz!tjufe!jo!tpnf!pg!uif!nptu!ijhi.
336!qspgjmf!mpdbujpot!jo!uif!Djuz!xjuipvu!uif!joqvu!pg!uif!djuj{fosz-!bt!sfrvjsfe!cz!QUND!4/61!
337!xijdi!sfrvjsft!b!dibodf!gps!qvcmjd!sfwjfx!boe!joqvu!cfgpsf!qvcmjd!bsu!jt!bddfttjpofe!)vtvbmmz!
338!evsjoh!uif!kvszjoh!qibtf!xifo!nvmujqmf!xpslt!gspn!tfwfsbm!bsujtut!bsf!dpotjefsfe*/!!Bt!up!uif!
339!rvftujpo!pg!xifuifs!ps!opu!uifz!bsf!qvcmjd!bsu!ps!qsjwbuf!bsu@!!Bhbjo-!xf!nbz!uvso!up!pvs!Bsu!jo!
33:!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Qpmjdz!boe!Qspdfevsf!epdvnfou!gps!uif!botxfs;!qbhf!3;!Efgjojujpot;!Qvcmjd!
341!Bsuxpsl;!Boz!psjhjobm-!efdpsbujwf-!gvodujpobm-!ejtdsfuf-!tjuf.joufhsbufe!ps!gsfftuboejoh!pckfdu!
342!dsfbufe!cz!bo!bsujtu!gps!qfsnbofou!ejtqmbz!jo!b!qvcmjd!tfuujoh/Ç!!Dmfbsmz-!UspqmfÉt!bsu!nbslfs!
343!tdvmquvsft!ujdl!uiftf!cpyft!boe!bsf!uifsfgpsf!qvcmjd!bsu/!!Tjodf!QUBD!lopxt!pg!op!qpmjdz!ps!
344!dpef.cbdlfe!qspwjtjpo!jo!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!uibu!bmmpxt!gps!qsjwbuf!bsu!up!cf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!qvcmjd!
345!sjhiu!pg!xbz!xjuipvu!ju!hpjoh!uispvhi!fjuifs!pvs!qsftdsjcfe!bddfttjpo!qspdfevsf!ps!uif!djuzÉt!
346!hjgu!qpmjdz!)jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!SDX!46/32/211!xijdi!bmmpxt!gps!bddfqubodf!pg!epobujpot!cz!
347!b!nvojdjqbmjuz*-!uifz!bsf!bo!bopnbmz/!!Uispvhi!fjuifs!bddfttjpojoh!nfuipe!kvtu!nfoujpofe!
!8!
!
348!ipxfwfs-!cpui!bdrvjtjujpo!qspdfevsft!nvtu!sftvmu!jo!uif!djuz!pxojoh!boe!nbjoubjojoh!uif!
349!bsuxpslt<!cpui!sfrvjsf!bnqmf!pqqpsuvojuz!gps!qvcmjd!joqvu!boe!jorvjsz!boe!cpui!sfrvjsf!uif!
34:!qbsujdjqbujpo!pg!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!boe!uif!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpo/!!Sfhsfuubcmz-!opof!pg!
351!uiftf!dpef.nboebufe!qspdfevsbm!tufqt!xfsf!ublfo!cfgpsf!uif!bsu!nbslfst!xfsf!jotubmmfe!po!pvs!
352!djuzÉt!tjefxbmlt/!
353!!
354!XIFSF!UIJOHT!XFOU!XSPOH;!
355!Jg!xf!bsf!up!lopx!ipx!up!bwpje!tjnjmbs!qspcmfnbujd!jodjefout!jo!uif!gvuvsf-!xf!tipvme!dmfbsmz!
356!usz!up!voefstuboe!xifo!uif!qspdfevsbm!fsspst!tvsspvoejoh!uif!bsu!nbslfst!pddvssfe/!!QUBDÉt!
357!fybnjobujpo!pg!uiptf!efwjbujpot-!boe!pvs!sfqpsu!pg!uifn!pggfsfe!ifsf-!bsf!joufoefe!gps!uif!
358!cfuufsnfou!pg!pvs!djuz!boe!jut!gvuvsf!gvodujpo/!!QUBD!bdlopxmfehft!uibu!djujoh!gbvmut!dbo!
359!tpnfujnft!cf!joufsqsfufe!bt!ibsnjoh!ufbnt-!cvu!bmtp!sfbmj{ft!uibu!fwfszpof!xip!qbsujdjqbuft!
35:!jo!djuz!hpwfsonfou-!jodmvejoh!Bsut!Dpnnjttjpofst!bsf!ifme!up!b!ijhi!mfwfm!pg!bddpvoubcjmjuz!
361!cz!uif!dpef!pg!fuijdt!xf!bsf!evuz.cpvoe!up!gpmmpx!boe!uibu!ipoftuz-!usbotqbsfodz!boe!
362!qspgfttjpobmjtn!bu!uif!ijhiftu!dbmjcfs!tipvme!cf!tusjwfe!gps!boe!cf!fyqfdufe!pg!fbdi!pg!vt/!
363!Jefoujgzjoh!uif!qpjou!jo!xijdi!njtublft!uppl!qmbdf!jt!kvtu!qbsu!pg!b!ifbmuiz!bobmztjt!pg!
364!voefstuboejoh!xibu!xfou!xspoh-!gpmmpxfe!cz!uif!qspqptbm!pg!dpotusvdujwf!dpssfdujpo!
365!nfbtvsft!boe!uifo!cz!dpmmfdujwfmz!dbtujoh!b!qptjujwf!fzf!up!uif!gvuvsf/!!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!
366!xjtift!up!gjstu!djuf!boe!eftdsjcf!uxp!pddvssfodft!uibu!tjhojgjdboumz!mfe!up!uif!njtiboemjoh!pg!
367!uif!bsu!nbslfst!qspkfdu!cfgpsf!xf!sfdpnnfoe!up!Dpvodjm!ipx!xf!bt!b!djuz!dbo!bwpje!tvdi!
368!fsspst!jo!uif!gvuvsf/!
369!Gjstu-!uif!bttfsujpo!nbef!cz!Qpsu!Upxotfoe!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!bu!uif!Nbsdi!25-!3132!djuz!
36:!dpvodjm!nffujoh!xifo!uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!bsu!nbslfst!xbt!cfjoh!qsftfoufe-!dpotjefsfe!boe!
371!tvctfrvfoumz!qbttfe!cz!b!nbkpsjuz!dpvodjm!wpuf!ibqqfofe!xjuipvu!befrvbuf!ps!bddvsbuf!
372!jogpsnbujpo!cfjoh!qspwjefe!up!dpvodjm!evsjoh!uif!efmjcfsbujpo!qibtf!pg!uif!npujpo/!!Bu!uibu!
373!nffujoh!uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!boe!tvqqpsujoh!qsftfoufst!pggfsfe!vq!b!uipspvhi!boe!
374!efubjmfe!qspqptbm!gps!uif!nbslfst-!dpnqmfuf!xjui!tfwfsbm!jnbhft!boe!nbqt!pg!qspqptfe!
375!mpdbujpot!gps!uif!tdvmquvsft-!jodmvejoh!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Ijtupsjdbm!Qsftfswbujpo!
376!Dpnnjuuff!)IQD*/!!Uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!EjsfdupsÉt!sfqpsu!gspn!IQD!sfwfbmfe!uibu!bu!mfbtu!uibu!
377!bewjtpsz!cpbse!xbt!bqqspqsjbufmz!bqqspbdife!boe!uifjs!epdvnfoufe!joqvu!xbt!btlfe!gps-!
378!bddpsejoh!up!djuz!qpmjdz/!!Cvu!bgufs!ijt!sfgfsfodjoh!pg!uif!qspdftt!ifÉe!hpof!uispvhi!up!bdrvjsf!
379!IQDÉt!Ætjho!pgg-Ç!uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!uifo!ejtnjttfe!QUBDÉt!spmf!cz!ufmmjoh!dpvodjm-!
!9!
!
37:!ÆJo!uif!dbtf!pg!bsu-!tfdujpo!4/61!pg!uif!djuz!dpef!hjwft!uibu!gjobm!bvuipsjuz!up!uif!djuz!dpvodjm-Ç!
381!boe!uifo!xfou!po!xjui!ijt!qsftfoubujpo!xjuipvu!gvsuifs!sfgfsfodf!up!QUBD!ps!QUBDÉt!spmf!jo!
382!uif!qmbdfnfou!pg!qvcmjd!bsu/!!Vogpsuvobufmz-!xibu!pvs!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!eje!opu!sfgfsfodf!
383!evsjoh!uijt!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!dpef!jt!uif!tfdpoe!tfoufodf!jo!uibu!qbsbhsbqi!gspn!QUND!
384!4/61!xijdi!tubuft-!ÆUif!djuz!dpvodjm!joejdbuft!jut!joufoujpo!up!vtf!b!tfmfdujpo!qspdftt!boe!
385!qvcmjd!qspdftt!xijdi!jodpsqpsbuft!nfncfst!pg!uif!djuzÉt!bsut!dpnnjttjpo-!boe!xijdi!
386!qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!djuj{fot!up!dpnnfou!po!boz!btqfdu!pg!gvoejoh-!qvsdibtf-!fsfdujpo-!
387!tjujoh!boe!jotubmmbujpo!pg!xpslt!pg!qvcmjd!bsu/Ç!!Xijmf!juÉt!voefstuboebcmf!uibu!Pvs!Qvcmjd!
388!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!nbz!ibwf!joufsqsfufe!uif!xpset!Ægjobm!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!bvuipsjuzÇ!jo!uif!qsjps!
389!tfoufodf!pg!uif!dpef!up!nfbo!uibu!dpvodjm!dpvme!ps!tipvme!efdjef!po!jut!pxo!xjuipvu!Bsut!
38:!Dpnnjttjpo!joqvu-!juÉt!jnqpsubou!up!sfbmj{f!opx!uibu!ju!xbt!bo!jodpssfdu!sfbejoh!pg!uif!dpef/!!
391!QUBD!xpvme!mjlf!up!tvhhftu!up!Dpvodjm!uibu!tufqt!cf!ublfo!up!jogpsn!ijn!opx!pg!uif!
392!njtsfbejoh-!sfbggjsn!uif!dpssfdu!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!dpef!boe!gvsuifs!fotvsf!bmm!djuz!tubgg!jt!
393!ifodfgpsui!jogpsnfe!bt!up!qspqfs!qpmjdz!boe!qspdfevsft!sfhbsejoh!uif!tfmfdujpo!boe!
394!qmbdfnfou!pg!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!uif!djuz!pg!Qpsu!Upxotfoe/!!
395!Pvs!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!nbz!ibwf!jodpssfdumz!joufsqsfufe!uif!dpef!po!ijt!pxo!ps!if!nbz!
396!ibwf!cffo!njtjogpsnfe!cz!pvs!Djuz!Buupsofz-!xip!xbt!bmtp!qsftfou!bu!uif!Nbsdi!25!nffujoh!
397!xifo!dpvodjm!bqqspwfe!uif!bsu!nbslfst/!!Uif!mbuufs!tffnt!mjlfmz!tjodf!bu!cpui!QUBDÉt!
398!Pdupcfs!É33!nffujoh!boe!QBDÉt!Opwfncfs!É33!nffujoh-!uif!Djuz!Buupsofz!sftqpoefe!up!uif!
399!rvftujpo!pg!uif!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!dpef!sbjtfe!cz!bsut!dpnnjttjpofst!cz!bttfsujoh!uibu!ifs!
39:!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!4/61!jt!kvtu!bt!uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Ejsfdups!tubufe-!uibu!dpvodjm!ibt!Ægjobm!
3:1!efdjtjpo!nbljoh!bvuipsjuzÇ!boe!dbo!vojmbufsbmmz!efdjef!po!bsu!nbuufst!xjuipvu!joqvu!gspn!
3:2!QUBD/!!Dpotfrvfoumz-!boe!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!EjsfdupsÉt!tjohmjoh!pvu!pomz!b!
3:3!qpsujpo!pg!uif!dpef!up!qsftfou!up!dpvodjm!po!uif!ojhiu!uif!npujpo!xbt!nbef!up!tjuf!uif!bsu!
3:4!nbslfst!po!jo!uif!qvcmjd!sjhiu.pg.xbz-!boe!xjuipvu!b!dmbsjgjdbujpo!bu!uibu!ujnf!gspn!uif!Djuz!
3:5!Buupsofz!bt!up!uif!dpssfdu!dpoufyuvbm!joufou!pg!dpef!4/61!cfjoh!qspwjefe!cz!evsjoh!uif!
3:6!qsftfoubujpo!sfrvjsjoh!bsut!dpnnjttjpo!qbsujdjqbujpo-!uif!gmbxfe!dpvodjm!npujpo!qbttfe!
3:7!vobojnpvtmz/!
3:8!QUBD!SFDPNNFOEBUJPO!.!DPEF!SFBGGJSNBUJPO!pg!QUND!4/61;!
3:9!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!dpvodjm!sffybnjof!uif!xpsejoh!pg!4/61!up!fjuifs!
3::!fyqboe-!dmbsjgz!ps!sfbggjsn!uibu!dpvodjm!epft!joufoe!jt!up!tffl!bewjdf!gspn!uifjs!
411!bqqpjoufe!bsu!fyqfsut!po!bsut.sfmbufe!jttvft!boe!ublf!tufqt!up!jogpsn!bmm!djuz!tubgg!pg!uif!
!:!
!
412!offe!up!gpmmpx!qspqfs!qpmjdz!boe!qspdfevsft!jo!uif!tfmfdujpo!boe!qmbdfnfou!pg!bmm!
413!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!uif!djuz!pg!Qpsu!Upxotfoe/!
414!QVCMJD!QSPDFTT;!
415!Bmtp!sbjtfe!cz!bsut!dpnnjttjpofst!bu!pvs!Opwfncfs!QBD!nffujoh!xbt!uif!bctfodf!pg!b!
416!qvcmjd!joqvu!pqqpsuvojuz!evsjoh!uif!xfflt!boe!npouit!mfbejoh!vq!up!uif!bsu!nbslfs!bqqspwbm!
417!cz!Dpvodjm<!4/61Ét!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!uifsf!jt!b!Æqvcmjd!qspdftt!up!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!
418!djuj{fot!up!dpnnfou!po!uif!jotubmmbujpo!pg!qvcmjd!bsuÇ!xbt!opu!nfu/!!Bu!QBDÉt!Opwfncfs!È33!
419!nffujoh!uif!Djuz!Buupsofz!bttfsufe!uibu!tif!cfmjfwft!uibu!uif!qvcmjd!joqvu!sfrvjsfnfou!xbt!
41:!bduvbmmz!tbujtgjfe!cz!uif!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!pqqpsuvojuz!qspwjefe!up!djuj{fot!bu!uif!
421!dpvodjm!nffujoh!xifo!uif!bsu!nbslfs!qsftfoubujpo!uppl!qmbdf/!!Qspcmfnbujd!jo!ifs!sfbejoh!pg!
422!uif!dpef!jo!uijt!xbz!jt!uibu!jg!uif!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!)jo!xijdi!rvftujpot!dbo!pomz!cf!
423!sftqpoefe!up!bu!uif!ejtdsfujpo!pg!uif!nbzps*!jt!uibu!ju!jt!b!tjhojgjdbou!efqbsuvsf!gspn!qsfdfefou!
424!tfu!evsjoh!uif!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!qsjps!qvcmjd!bsu!qmbdfnfou!qspkfdut!)epxoupxoÉt!Tbmjti!Tfb!
425!Djsdmf-!VqupxoÉt!Hsfbu!Cmvf!up!obnf!tpnf!sfdfou!gfx*/!Jo!uiptf!jotubodft-!uif!qvcmjd!xbt!
426!xipmmz!jowpmwfe-!ibe!cffo!hjwfo!qmfouz!pg!opujdf!boe!jogpsnbujpo!wjb!mpdbm!qsftt-!bo!Æpqfo!
427!ipvtfÇ!ibe!cffo!bssbohfe!jo!xijdi!djuj{fot!xfsf!jowjufe!)bu!uif!Qpqf!Nbsjof!cvjmejoh-!ps!
428!Dpuupo!Cvjmejoh*-!npdl!vqt!pg!bsu!qspqptbmt!xfsf!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!boe!b!R'B!tfttjpo!xbt!
429!ifme!boe!iptufe!cz!uif!QBD!bmpoh!xjui!djuz!efqbsunfou!pggjdjbmt!boe!uif!bsujtut!xfsf!fwfo!jo!
42:!buufoebodf/!!QUBD!dbo!dpngpsubcmz!bewjtf!dpvodjm!ifsf!uibu!jg!tvdi!xfmm.sfdfjwfe-!dpvsufpvt!
431!dpnnvojuz!pvusfbdi!fyijcjufe!jo!uiptf!qsjps!qvcmjd!bsu!qspkfdut!xfsf!up!cf!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!
432!Djuz!BuupsofzÉt!4.njovuf!dpnnfou!qfsjpe!pqujpo-!uibu!xf!nbz!xbou!up!dibohf!pvs!foujsf!
433!bqqspbdi!up!pvs!3134!xpslqmbo/!!Obnfmz-!xf!tipvme!tusjlf!uif!gpsxbse.uijoljoh-!ljoe!boe!
434!dpvsufpvt!xpset!pg!pvs!Djuz!Nbobhfs!gspn!uif!xpslqmbo!uibu!tubuf!uibu!xf!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!
435!Æjowftu!jo!pvs!qfpqmf/!Cvjme!boe!ovsuvsf!uif!dbqbdjuz!pg!pvs!tubgg-!ufbnt-!wpmvouffst-!bewjtpsz!
436!cpbse!nfncfst-!Dpvodjmnfncfst!boe!qbsuofstijqt!boe!qspwjef!uif!uppmtfut-!tljmmtfut-!boe!
437!njoetfut!up!bdijfwf!npsf!uphfuifs/Ç!Jg!mjnjujoh!qvcmjd!jowpmwfnfou!up!4.njovuft!jt!uif!bewjdf!
438!dpvodjm!gpmmpxt-!ju!xpvme!cf!b!tjhojgjdbou!efqbsuvsf!gspn!uif!Djuz!NbobhfsÉt!sfdfoumz!
439!qspqptfe!wjtjpo!pg!jodmvtjwfoftt-!dppqfsbujpo!boe!usbotqbsfodz/!
43:!QUBD!SFDPNNFOEBUJPO!.!DPEF!DIBOHF!QSPQPTBM;!
441!Ju!jt!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!QUBD!uifsfgpsf!uibu!uijt!qpsujpo!QUND!4/61!cf!fyqboefe!
442!boe!dmbsjgjfe!up!jodmvef!wfscjbhf!uibu!fotvsft!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!bsu!qspqptbmt!cf!
!21!
!
443!uipspvhimz!qsftfoufe!up!uif!qvcmjd-!foubjm!befrvbuf!ujnf!gps!djuj{fot!up!dpotjefs-!bmmpx!
444!gps!dpnnfout!boe!jorvjsjft!bcpvu!uif!xpslt!pg!bsu!uibu!bsf!joufoefe!up!cf!qmbdfe!jo!
445!pvs!qvcmjd!tqbdft-!boe!uibu!fggpsut!bmtp!cf!nbef!up!ibwf!uif!qspqptfe!bsujtu)t*!
446!qbsujdjqbuf/!!
447!BSU!NBSLFST;!XIBU!QUBD!SFDPNNFOET!OPX;!
448!!
449!Bgufs!ejtdvttjpo!po!uif!upqjd!boe!b!dbsfgvm!bobmztjt!pg!uif!dpeft!boe!qpmjdjft!uibu!jogpsn!pvs!
44:!hpwfsonfou!po!uif!upqjd-!boe!jo!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!nbjoufobodf-!mjbcjmjuz-!upxo.jnbhf!boe!
451!dpqzsjhiu!dpodfsot!sbjtfe!ifsfjo-!boe!bgufs!bo!Pdupcfs!É33!wpuf!cz!uif!Qvcmjd!Bsu!Dpnnjuuff!
452!boe!b!tvctfrvfou!Nbsdi!3!QUBD!wpuf!bggjsnjoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!!!
453!!
454!QUBD!SFDPNNFOEBUJPO!.!DPVODJM!BDUJPO!SFWFSTBM;!
455!!
456!Ju!jt!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!QUBD!uibu!Djuz!Dpvodjm!ublf!uif!tufqt!up!ibwf!uif!bsu!
457!nbslfst!sfnpwfe!gspn!uifjs!dvssfou!mpdbujpot/!
!22!
1 ***DRAFT letter to City Council regarding the state of public art in Port Townsend***
2
3 17 NOV, 2022
4 To: Port Townsend City Council, City Manager Mauro
5 Fr: Port Townsend Arts Commission
6
7 OUR PUBLIC ART
8
9 Port Townsend’s Council-Manager structure is common government strategy in small towns
10 like ours that rely on open communication between citizens, staff, manager and city council.
11 Key to our form of government is the reliance on citizen advisory boards, committees and
12 commissions to assist and advise on various city matters. Some advisory boards are pretty
13 universal to most small towns, including ours: Library Advisory Board, Parks/Rec &
14 Trees/Trails, Transportation Advisory Board, etc. These advisory group members are
15 appointed based on their knowledge and experience and regularly meet to discuss the matters
16 related to their respective areas. Their recommendations are then forwarded to City Council
17 and our City Manager so that the city can be run knowing it’s receiving the best advice
18 possible - advice cultivated from the very citizens those decisions will affect.
19
20 In addition to the traditional commissions and boards most small cities have, it’s easy to see
21 what special priorities a city has simply by noting what their specialized advisory groups are:
22 Ellensburg has a Rodeo Board, Sequim a Sister City Association, Bainbridge Island a Race
23 Equity Advisory Committee. These specialized committees then convene to take up the
24 issues deemed particular important to those individual communities.
25
26 The Port Townsend Arts Commission (PTAC) is one of these specialized advisory bodies,
27 created to address a subject so important to Port Townsend that we flaunt it on a large sign at
28 the entrance of town and broadly tout it in our marketing strategies to communities afar.
29 Established in 2001 by city resolution 01-029 its declared purpose is to “…have available to
30 the city and its citizens a degree of expertise with respect to the performing, visual and
31 literary arts and to act in an advisory capacity to the city government in connection with the
32 artistic and cultural development of the city.” Since its inception, PTAC has funded hundreds
33 of thousands of dollars toward vital community arts programs large and small, undoubtedly
34 contributing significantly to the quality of life we all enjoy here. PTAC has convened several
1
35 Artist Selection Panels (ASP) and by utilizing the city’s Art in Public Places Policy and
36 Procedures document as a guide, has successfully accessioning numerous celebrated works in
37 to our permanent collection including: Gerard Tsutakawa’s iconic bronze sculpture Salish
38 Sea Circle that lives downtown at Pope Marine Park, Matt Babcock’s regal heron-clock Great
39 Blue keeping time in the Uptown neighborhood, and the late Russell Jaqua’s majestic axial-
40 symmetry sculpture that prominently punctuates the Visitor’s Center area. Each of these
41 projects were properly accessioned through the Public Art Committee and the Port Townsend
42 Arts Commission and as a result, enhance our town’s character and livability, buttress our
43 reputation as an “arts town” and have been generally maintenance and trouble-free since their
44 siting.
45
46 Years of admirable work as a competent advisory body has sustained damage due to the
47 misperception that we were responsible for the markers. This misperception has also harmed
48 Port Townsend’s overall reputation as an artistic enclave, the very trait in which we base a
49 large portion of our city’s image on.
50
51 But PTAC realizes that we are an integral part of the overall government structure that our
52 town relies on to function and have a duty to stand united with councilmembers, city staff,
53 and with each other to weather these issues. PTAC realizes that our charter responsibility is
54 to advise council on art matters and also to further the development and public awareness of
55 and interest in the arts, but PTAC also recognizes that we have a duty to cooperate with
56 council and other city-team members…since we’re all in this together. This is likely best
57 done by trying to understand what happened regarding the errors made and understanding
58 what should have been done - if for no other reason than to know how to navigate forward
59 and steer away from similar mistakes made over the last couple years. We therefore
60 welcome a frank discussion about the current status of public art in Port Townsend and
61 consider it our mandated duty to let council know what we think should be done about it.
62
63 PURPOSE OF THIS LETTER:
64
65 This letter intends to explain: 1) What went wrong with public art over the last couple years
66 (to learn from our past), 2) What should have happened with public art over the last couple
67 years (to better understand the proper procedures), and 3) What to do about public art now
68 (to mitigate the harm done and get back on track with how things are supposed to be).
2
69 CODE CHANGE PROPOSAL:
70
71 Upon further reflection of this code change and in consideration of recent art-placement
72 errors, and knowing that precedent shows that a quorum of Public Art Committee (PAC) and
73 Arts Commission members could meet at short notice in a similar quick-turnaround situation
74 to address such public art proposals and supply city government with the expert advice it
75 needs on such urgent matters, PTAC proposes a change to 3.50. It makes no sense to have a
76 panel of experts to advise the city manager and council on public art issues if the city
77 manager can unilaterally place art in the public, even if just for one year. PTAC therefore
78 recommends here City Council, or the City Manager, or any other city department not act on
79 the selection, citing or funding of art in the public realm without first seeking the advice of
80 the Arts Commission and the Public Art Committee, as prescribed clearly in Port Townsend’s
81 Art in Public Places Policy and Procedures. It is therefore our recommendation that the
82 PTMC 3.50 revert back to its prior form, requiring input from PTAC before the placement of
83 any public art, for any amount of time.
84
85 ART MARKER SCULPTURES:
86 It’s important to first acknowledge that PTAC realizes that everyone involved in the initial
87 placement of the art markers that are sited on public property around town were well-
88 intentioned and everyone did their best to help broaden the awareness of the arts in our
89 community and celebrate working artists. It’s also acknowledged by PTAC that the Creative
90 District citizen group, City Council, city departments and the artist himself had a lofty vision
91 of a successful and celebrated solution to the challenge of providing creative signage to
92 commemorate our new Washington State Arts Commission designation as a Creative
93 District. Part of PTAC’s job however, and that of its subcommittee, the Public Art Committee
94 is to sometimes temper art proposals’ big-idea optimism with the grounding-reality of
95 maintenance issues, vandalism concerns, liability factors and overall public perception,
96 among others. It’s not uncommon for creative visions of art proposed to the city to then be
97 tempered by the reality check of PTAC’s policy-prescribed checklist of what can be funded,
98 sited and maintained for many years to come. What may look like a really good idea on the
99 surface are sometimes rejected for logistical reasons beneath the surface - the those
100 determining factors can only be provided by the experts tasked with knowing such things if
101 public art proposals are first presented to the Arts Commission.
3
102 PTAC believes that Jonah Trople’s art marker sculptures are in themselves of reputable
103 quality, conceptually sound are successful as standalone works and as a group, arguably
104 exactly what was being asked for by the Creative District jury that selected him. PTAC is not
105 making a negative judgment on Mr. Trople’s acumen as an artist or offering a critical
106 analysis of the sculptures per se. But had the selection process that all public artworks are
107 supposed to go through before their placement in the public right of way had been managed
108 by athe policy-mandated Artist Selection Panel (see Art in Public Places Policy and
109 Procedure pg. 4), surely the glaringly obvious error of selecting artwork with a non-cleanable
110 surface would have been avoided. Subsequently, as a result of rampant embellishment and
111 continuous vandalism that could have been predicted by a more experienced selection body,
112 they’ve been painted over and over again as a haphazard solution that has essentially changed
113 the art itself. They are now a color not originally intended by the artist. They have had
114 additional signage added to them aside from the original QR codes that was not intended by
115 the artist. The repeated repainting of them has and will continue to undermine the surface
116 texture design element that was one of the cornerstone-concepts of the works when they were
117 unveiled: that his “whitewashed” forms would weather naturally over the course of their
118 intended lifetime of 20 years.
119
120 Further, it is important for council to realize, and likely the duty of PTAC to now point out,
121 that certain copyright violations have occurred in the manipulation of Mr. Trople’s works as
122 they apply und the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (see Port Townsend Art in Public Places
123 Policy and Procedure, pg. 6), referencing United States code 17 US section 3, subsection
124 (1)(B) which states that artists retain the right “to prevent the use of his or her name as the
125 author of any work of visual art which he or she did not create,” and section 3, subsection (3),
126 that the artist “shall have the right to prevent any destruction, distortion, mutilation, or other
127 modification of that work which would be prejudicial to his or her honor or reputation, and
128 which is the result of an intentional or negligent act or omission with respect to that work,
129 and any such destruction, distortion, mutilation, or modification of that work is a violation of
130 that right.” PTAC further considers it it’s duty to relay the concern that the City of Port
131 Townsend may be complicit in this violation since The City is currently listed as being
132 “partners” on the Creative District website’s information about the art markers, information
133 directly linked through the QR codes mounted on each of the sculptures.
134
4
135 PTAC would also like to inform council that once an artwork is accessioned in to the public
136 art collection in Port Townsend, the city then owns the artwork, even though the artists
137 retains certain rights. Generally, once a municipality has accessioned a work in to its
138 permanent collection, it then has the right to sell, trade, move or destroy an artwork in its
139 collection, but is statutorily prohibited from altering it, as has been the case with Trople’s
140 markers and the Creative District’s mitigating attempts to rebrand them over the last few
141 months. Even though the Creative District may own his works, they do not have the right to
142 change them.
143
144 PRIVATE ART IN PUBLIC VS PUBLIC ART IN PUBLIC
145
146 So the question then arises as to whether these are private artworks or public artworks. They
147 unquestionably are on public property and problematically sited in some of the most high-
148 profile locations in the City without the input of the citizenry, as required by PTMC 3.50.
149 But are they public art or private art? Again, we may turn to our Art in Public Places Policy
150 and Procedure document for the answer: page 2: Definitions: Public Artwork: Any original,
151 decorative, functional, discrete, site-integrated or freestanding object created by an artist for
152 permanent display in a public setting.” Clearly, Trople’s art marker sculptures tick these
153 boxes and are therefore public art. Since PTAC knows of no policy or code-backed provision
154 in Port Townsend that allows for private art to be placed in the public right of way without it
155 going through either our prescribed accession procedure or the city’s gift policy in accordance
156 with RCW 35.21.100 which allows for acceptance of conations by a municipality, they are a
157 problem. Through either accessioning method however, both acquisition procedures must
158 result in the city owning and maintaining the artworks; both require ample opportunity for
159 public input and inquiry and both require the participation of the Arts Commission.
160
161 ART MARKERS: WHAT PTAC RECOMMENDS NOW
162
163 After discussion on the topic and a careful analysis of the codes and policies that inform our
164 government on the topic, and in consideration of the liability and copyright concerns raised
165 herein, and after a vote by the Public Art Committee passing affirming the following: is it
166 the recommendation of PTAC that the art markers be removed from their current location.
167
168 A FULL PLATE
5
169
170 PTAC realizes that our plate is now full with the issues we’ve reported on here along with
171 their associated recommendations to council. We acknowledge that there are other pressing
172 arts related business matters we need to address, some more pressing than others. One major,
173 pressing topic is that of the 1% for the arts policy that is written in to our city code for all
174 capital projects. It is our recommendation that council revisit PTMC 3.50 and be proactively
175 reach out to PTAC in a cooperative manner rather than waiting for us to initiate the transfer
176 of the funds to the municipal art fund, funds earmarked for the advancement of cultural and
177 artistic programs in our city. When Councilperson Rowe brought this up at the recent
178 reading of the proposed 2023 budget during a council meeting, no one present seemed to
179 even know what he was talking about. It’s not just the job of PTAC to identify these capital
180 improvement project funds, but also the responsibility of city staff to be acquainted with what
181 3.50 says so they can assist us in keeping council informed of the law.
182
183 COUNT ON US
184
185 Dear City Council, we’ve got a lot of work to do. We’re competent, knowledgeable and up
186 to the task. Yet we’re hamstrung by only being able to meet once a month and for a short
187 time to do a ton of work. Additionally, our every-other month funding schedule means that
188 we have only 12 hours per year to dedicate to non-funding issues. It is our recommendation
189 that council instruct the City Manager to allocate more resources to help us manage the
190 workload we’re now faced with after being prevented from meeting for so long. We are art
191 experts, not legal code analysts or violation investigators. Let us do our jobs that we’re meant
192 to do. Please direct city staff to assist us, support us, work cooperatively with us. Help us do
193 the research and presentations on the capital improvement 1% for the arts projects, for
194 example, would be a smart move forward for everyone.
6
***DRAFT letter to City Council regarding motion to recommend to Council the removal of
Creative District sculptural wayfinders***
17 NOV, 2022, revised 15 FEB 2023 by Alexis Arrabito
To: Port Townsend City Council
Fr: Port Townsend Arts Commission
Port Townsend City Council,
We are writing as a new body of Arts Commissioners. Out of 9 positions, 7 of us were seated
in the last 12 months. This year, we look forward to a harmonious relationship with the City
Council and Port Townsend City Government, while also recognizing - and reckoning with -
mistakes made over the last few difficult years.
Although we are a new body, we are writing with concerns that the expertise and services
made available to the city by our Port Townsend Arts Commission (PTAC) were
underutilized, possibly usurped, during the accession process of the Creative District
Wayfinders, which the Public Art Committee finds to fit the definition of public art.
Part of the Arts Commission’s difficult job, and that of its subcommittee, the Public Art
Committee, is to balance art proposals with the grounding reality of maintenance issues,
vandalism concerns, liability factors, and other variables, including overall public perception.
Proposals are sometimes rejected or modified for logistical reasons that exist beneath the
surface. Public Art Committee members and arts commissioners are selected explicitly by the
Council for these exact attributes. Art proposal analysis and recommendations are best left up
to PTAC members, as no other entity, organization, or individuals in town are better
equipped to tackle the difficult job of vetting public art proposals and relaying their findings
to the Council.
We are regretful that the selection process for these sculptural way finders did not account for
the inevitable graffiti that has resulted in a significant modification to the sculptures in the
form of paint, which raises further concerns of copyright violations. We also believe there is
1
a strong case to be made that these sculptural way finders are public art, and yet the Public
Art Committee was poorly utilized to complete its piece of the accession procedure.
After discussion on the topic and a careful analysis of the codes and policies that inform our
government on the topic, and in consideration of the maintenance, liability, town-image, and
copyright concerns raised herein, and after an October ’22 vote by the Public Art Committee
and a subsequent March 2 PTAC vote affirming the following: It is the recommendation of
PTAC that City Council take the steps to have the art markers removed from their current
locations. We see two paths forward: replace these pieces of public art with more traditional
means of wayfinding, or complete the accession process with more involvement from the
Port Townsend Arts Commission.
PTAC’s Public Art Committee requests a collaborative review of the Creative District
Wayfinding project. We believe that if our code is followed and established policies are
practiced, we may navigate a better path forward while undertaking the business of selecting,
funding, and siting public art in our town.
2